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A vector treated as an array of numbers by writing as a row vector or column vector (whichever is used depends on convenience or context): = (), = Index notation allows indication of the elements of the array by simply writing a i, where the index i is known to run from 1 to n, because of n-dimensions. [1]
It is common convention to use greek indices when writing expressions involving tensors in Minkowski space, while Latin indices are reserved for Euclidean space. Well-formulated expressions are constrained by the rules of Einstein summation : any index may appear at most twice and furthermore a raised index must contract with a lowered index.
The geometric mean has from time to time been used to calculate financial indices (the averaging is over the components of the index). For example, in the past the FT 30 index used a geometric mean. [8] It is also used in the CPI calculation [9] and recently introduced "RPIJ" measure of inflation in the United Kingdom and in the European Union.
Ricci calculus, and index notation more generally, distinguishes between lower indices (subscripts) and upper indices (superscripts); the latter are not exponents, even though they may look as such to the reader only familiar with other parts of mathematics.
In mathematics, a series is, roughly speaking, an addition of infinitely many terms, one after the other. [1] The study of series is a major part of calculus and its generalization, mathematical analysis. Series are used in most areas of mathematics, even for studying finite structures in combinatorics through generating functions.
According to some authors, a principal submatrix is a submatrix in which the set of row indices that remain is the same as the set of column indices that remain. [ 18 ] [ 19 ] Other authors define a principal submatrix as one in which the first k rows and columns, for some number k , are the ones that remain; [ 20 ] this type of submatrix has ...
The order of operations, that is, the order in which the operations in an expression are usually performed, results from a convention adopted throughout mathematics, science, technology and many computer programming languages. It is summarized as: [2] [5] Parentheses; Exponentiation; Multiplication and division; Addition and subtraction
Many areas of mathematics began with the study of real world problems, before the underlying rules and concepts were identified and defined as abstract structures. For example, geometry has its origins in the calculation of distances and areas in the real world; algebra started with methods of solving problems in arithmetic. The earliest ...