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The Federal Civil Service System and the Problem of Bureaucracy: The Economics and Politics of Institutional Change 1994; Moynihan, Donald P. "Protection Versus Flexibility: the Civil Service Reform Act, Competing Administrative Doctrines, and the Roots of Contemporary Public Management Debate." Journal of Policy History 2004 16(1): 1–33.
The U.S. civil service is managed by the Office of Personnel Management, which in December 2011 reported approximately 2.79 million civil servants employed by the federal government. [2] [3] [4] This included employees in the departments and agencies run by any of the three branches of government (the executive branch, legislative branch, and ...
The act initially applied only to ten percent of federal jobs, but it allowed the president to expand the number of federal employees covered by the act. [12] Within five years of the passage of the law, half of federal appointments outside of the United States Postal Service were covered by the act. [13]
The Civil Service Reform Act of 1978 (CSRA) reformed the civil service of the United States federal government, partly in response to the Watergate scandal (1972-74). The Act abolished the U.S. Civil Service Commission and distributed its functions primarily among three new agencies: the Office of Personnel Management (OPM), the Merit Systems Protection Board (MSPB), and the Federal Labor ...
NPR promised to save the federal government about $108 billion: $40.4 billion from a "smaller bureaucracy", $36.4 billion from program changes, and $22.5 billion from streamlining contracting processes. [4] The recommendations variously required legislative action, presidential action, internal bureaucratic reform, or combinations of them. [3]
Today, bureaucracy is the administrative system governing any large institution, whether publicly owned or privately owned. [3] The public administration in many jurisdictions is an example of bureaucracy, as is any centralized hierarchical structure of an institution, including corporations , societies , nonprofit organisations , and clubs .
On March 3, 1871, President Ulysses S. Grant signed into law the first U.S. civil service reform legislation, which had been passed by Congress. [1] The act created the United States Civil Service Commission, that was implemented by President Grant and funded for two years by Congress lasting until 1874.
Diagram of the dynamics of the Iron Triangle of United States politics [1]. In United States politics, the "iron triangle" comprises the policy-making relationship among the congressional committees, the bureaucracy, and interest groups, [2] as described in 1981 by Gordon Adams.