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The return on equity (ROE) is a measure of the profitability of a business in relation to its equity; [1] where: . ROE = Net Income / Average Shareholders' Equity [1] Thus, ROE is equal to a fiscal year's net income (after preferred stock dividends, before common stock dividends), divided by total equity (excluding preferred shares), expressed as a percentage.
Stockholders' equity refers to the assets of a company that remain available to shareholders after all liabilities have been paid. This number can be positive or negative.
A statement of changes in equity and similarly the statement of changes in owner's equity for a sole trader, statement of changes in partners' equity for a partnership, statement of changes in shareholders' equity for a company or statement of changes in taxpayers' equity [1] for government financial statements is one of the four basic financial statements.
The clean surplus accounting method provides elements of a forecasting model that yields price as a function of earnings, expected returns, and change in book value. [1] [2] [3] The theory's primary use is to estimate the value of a company's shares (instead of discounted dividend/cash flow approaches).
As a rule of thumb we suggest that the product of the multiplier times the ratio of price to book value should not exceed 22.5. (This figure corresponds to 15 times earnings and 1 1 ⁄ 2 times book value. It would admit an issue selling at only 9 times earnings and 2.5 times asset value, etc.) —
The underlying idea is that investors require a rate of return from their resources – i.e. equity – under the control of the firm's management, compensating them for their opportunity cost and accounting for the level of risk resulting. This rate of return is the cost of equity, and a formal equity cost must be subtracted from net income.
Earnings per share (EPS) is the monetary value of earnings per outstanding share of common stock for a company during a defined period of time. It is a key measure of corporate profitability, focussing on the interests of the company's owners (shareholders), [1] and is commonly used to price stocks.
The main drawback of ROCE is that it measures return against the book value of assets in the business. As these are depreciated the ROCE will increase even though cash flow has remained the same.