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  2. Isotopes of carbon - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_carbon

    Carbon (6 C) has 14 known isotopes, from 8 C to 20 C as well as 22 C, of which 12 C and 13 C are stable.The longest-lived radioisotope is 14 C, with a half-life of 5.70(3) × 10 3 years. . This is also the only carbon radioisotope found in nature, as trace quantities are formed cosmogenically by the reactio

  3. δ13C - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Δ13C

    Foraminifera samples. In geochemistry, paleoclimatology, and paleoceanography δ 13 C (pronounced "delta thirteen c") is an isotopic signature, a measure of the ratio of the two stable isotopes of carbon— 13 C and 12 C—reported in parts per thousand (per mil, ‰). [1]

  4. Carbon-13 - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon-13

    Bulk carbon-13 for commercial use, e.g. in chemical synthesis, is enriched from its natural 1% abundance. Although carbon-13 can be separated from the major carbon-12 isotope via techniques such as thermal diffusion, chemical exchange, gas diffusion, and laser and cryogenic distillation, currently only cryogenic distillation of methane (boiling point −161.5°C) or carbon monoxide (b.p. − ...

  5. Isotope analysis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotope_analysis

    All biologically active elements exist in a number of different isotopic forms, of which two or more are stable. For example, most carbon is present as 12 C, with approximately 1% being 13 C. The ratio of the two isotopes may be altered by biological and geophysical processes, and these differences can be utilized in a number of ways by ecologists.

  6. Isotopic signature - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopic_signature

    Sulfur isotope ratios are almost always expressed as ratios relative to 32 S due to this major relative abundance (95.0%). Sulfur isotope fractionations are usually measured in terms of δ 34 S due to its higher abundance (4.25%) compared to the other stable isotopes of sulfur, though δ 33 S is also sometimes measured.

  7. Isotope-ratio mass spectrometry - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotope-ratio_mass...

    Water molecules containing the common hydrogen isotope (and the common oxygen isotope, mass 16) have a mass of 18. Water incorporating a deuterium atom has a mass of 19, over 5% heavier. The energy to vaporise the heavy water molecule is higher than that to vaporize the normal water so isotope fractionation occurs during the process of evaporation.

  8. Natural abundance - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_abundance

    In physics, natural abundance (NA) refers to the abundance of isotopes of a chemical element as naturally found on a planet. The relative atomic mass (a weighted average, weighted by mole-fraction abundance figures) of these isotopes is the atomic weight listed for the element in the periodic table. The abundance of an isotope varies from ...

  9. Isotope - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotope

    The number of nucleons (both protons and neutrons) in the nucleus is the atom's mass number, and each isotope of a given element has a different mass number. For example, carbon-12, carbon-13, and carbon-14 are three isotopes of the element carbon with mass numbers 12, 13, and 14, respectively. The atomic number of carbon is 6, which means that ...