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Highly toxic Malathion: Malathion USB, ~ EC, Cythion, maldison, mercaptothion Organophosphate >8 fl oz/acre (58 L/km 2) ⇒ 5.5 days Malathion is highly toxic to bees and other beneficial insects, some fish, and other aquatic life. Malathion is moderately toxic to other fish and birds, and is considered low in toxicity to mammals. [40] Highly toxic
Malathion is an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, a diverse family of chemicals.Upon uptake into the target organism, it binds irreversibly to the serine residue in the active catalytic site of the cholinesterase enzyme.
Decontamination of the skin is performed while other life-saving measures are taking place. Clothing is removed, the patient is showered with soap and water, and the hair is shampooed to remove chemicals from the skin and hair. The eyes are flushed with water for 10–15 minutes. The patient is intubated and oxygen administered, if necessary.
The metabolism of bees and humans is sufficiently different that bees can safely collect nectars from plants that contain compounds toxic to humans. The honey produced by bees from these toxic nectars can be poisonous if consumed by humans. In addition, natural processes can introduce toxic substances into honey produced from nontoxic nectar.
A number of pesticides including the neonicotinoids clothianidin, dinotefuran, imidacloprid are toxic to bees. [49] Exposure to pesticides may be one of the contributory factors to colony collapse disorder. [50] A study in North Carolina indicated that more than 30 percent of the quail tested were made sick by one aerial insecticide application.
Pesticides can accumulate in bodies of water to levels that kill off zooplankton, the main source of food for young fish. [92] Pesticides can also kill off insects on which some fish feed, causing the fish to travel farther in search of food and exposing them to greater risk from predators. [90]
Isomalathion is an impurity found in some batches of malathion. Whereas the structure of malation is, generically, RSP(S)(OCH 3) 2, the connectivity of isomalathion is RSPO(SCH 3)(OCH 3). It arises by heating malathion. Being significantly more toxic to humans than malathion, it has resulted in human poisonings. [1]
Clothianidin and other neonicotinoids were developed to last longer than nicotine, which is more toxic and which breaks down too quickly in the environment. A 2018 review by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) concluded that most uses of neonicotinoid pesticides such as clothianidin represent a risk to wild bees and honeybees.