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Abnormalities of the thymus can result in a decreased number of T cells and autoimmune diseases such as autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 1 and myasthenia gravis. These are often associated with cancer of the tissue of the thymus, called thymoma, or tissues arising from immature lymphocytes such as T cells, called lymphoma.
Thymic hyperplasia can be divided into three groups namely, those without any pre-existing medical condition, those recovering from a pre-existing medical condition such as pneumonia, corticosteroid therapy, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, surgery, and burns, and those with other disorders such as hyperthyroidism, juvenile myasthenia gravis, [5] sarcoidosis, pure red cell aplasia.
A thymoma is a tumor originating from the epithelial cells of the thymus that is considered a rare neoplasm. [1] Thymomas are frequently associated with neuromuscular disorders such as myasthenia gravis; [2] thymoma is found in 20% of patients with myasthenia gravis. [3] Once diagnosed, thymomas may be removed surgically.
Ectopic thymus is a condition where thymus tissue is found in an abnormal location . It usually does not cause symptoms, but may leads to a mass in the neck that may compress the trachea and the esophagus .
Human leukocyte antigen haplotypes are associated with increased susceptibility to myasthenia gravis and other autoimmune disorders. Relatives of people with myasthenia gravis have a higher percentage of other immune disorders. [41] [42] The thymus gland cells form part of the body's immune system.
TECs, as a component of the thymus, play a key role in thymocyte development and self-tolerance, so their dysfunction causes many autoimmune diseases, tumors of immunodeficiencies. Most frequently are occurred epithelial tumors established from TEC and thymocytes - thymomas and thymic carcinoma .
Congenital athymia is an extremely rare disorder marked by the absence of the thymus at birth. [1] T cell maturation and selection depend on the thymus, and newborns born without a thymus experience severe immunodeficiency. [2]
Thymic hypoplasia is a condition where the thymus is underdeveloped or involuted. Causes