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Scleroderma is a group of autoimmune diseases that may result in changes to the skin, blood vessels, muscles, and internal organs. [2] [6] [8] The disease can be either localized to the skin or involve other organs, as well. [2]
Systemic scleroderma, or systemic sclerosis, is an autoimmune rheumatic disease characterised by excessive production and accumulation of collagen, called fibrosis, in the skin and internal organs and by injuries to small arteries. There are two major subgroups of systemic sclerosis based on the extent of skin involvement: limited and diffuse ...
The link between stress and skin goes back to the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in the brain, which regulates the body's response to stress, Dr. Evan Rieder, a board-certified dermatologist ...
With epidermal atrophy, the skin appears thin, translucent, and wrinkled. [29] Dermal or subcutaneous atrophy is represented by depression of the skin. [29] Maceration: softening and turning white of the skin due to being consistently wet. Umbilication is formation of a depression at the top of a papule, vesicle, or pustule. [34]
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The skin weighs an average of four kilograms, covers an area of two square metres, and is made of three distinct layers: the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous tissue. [1] The two main types of human skin are: glabrous skin, the hairless skin on the palms and soles (also referred to as the "palmoplantar" surfaces), and hair-bearing skin. [3]
"The chronic heat can cause vascular changes, as well as collagen degradation," adds Aguilar. "Repeated heat exposure damages superficial blood vessels leading to hemosiderin deposition ...
Skin changes in Darier's disease are related to a type of nutritional vitamin A deficiency that is caused by genetic mutations. The skin displays follicular dyskeratosis (degeneration of the skin in hair follicules), which reflects as hypovitaminosis A (systemic Vitamin A deficiency). [ 15 ]