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Urine of postmenopausal women reflects the hypergonadotropic state of menopause-levels of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) are high - and contain a mixture of these gonadotropins. [2] [3] [4] Other protein substances may be present, including small amounts of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). [1]
The most common reason for high serum FSH concentration is in a female who is undergoing or has recently undergone menopause. High levels of FSH indicate that the normal restricting feedback from the gonad is absent, leading to an unrestricted pituitary FSH production. FSH may contribute to postmenopausal osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease ...
Luteinizing hormone receptors are located in areas of the brain associated with cognitive function. [22] The role of LH role in the central nervous system (CNS) may be of relevance to understanding and treating post-menopausal cognitive decline. [23] Some research has observed an inverse relationship between circulating LH and CNS LH levels. [24]
Menopause, also known as the climacteric, is the time when menstrual periods permanently stop, marking the end of reproduction. [1] [6] [7] It typically occurs between the ages of 45 and 55, although the exact timing can vary. [8] Menopause is usually a natural change related to a decrease in circulating blood estrogen levels. [3]
High follicle-stimulating hormone levels and low estradiol might indicate menopause, but of course, if you’re younger than typical menopause age, you should also rule out pregnancy with a ...
Menopur, 5 mL vials containing 75 IU FSH and 75 IU LH. Repronex, vials containing either 75 IU FSH and 75 IU LH, or 150 IU FSH and 150 IU LH. Common side effects of preparations containing FSH and LH are: [4] Mild bloating; Pain, swelling, or irritation injection site; Rash at injection site or other part of body; Stomach pain or pelvic pain
Testing serum LH and FSH levels are often used to assess hypogonadism in women, particularly when menopause is believed to be happening. These levels change during a woman's normal menstrual cycle, so the history of having ceased menstruation coupled with high levels aids the diagnosis of being menopausal.
Following ovulation, LH stimulates the formation of the corpus luteum. Estrogen has since dropped to negative stimulatory levels after ovulation and therefore serves to maintain the concentration of FSH and LH. Inhibin, which is also secreted by the corpus luteum, contributes to FSH inhibition.
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