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The Richter scale [1] (/ ˈ r ɪ k t ər /), also called the Richter magnitude scale, Richter's magnitude scale, and the Gutenberg–Richter scale, [2] is a measure of the strength of earthquakes, developed by Charles Richter in collaboration with Beno Gutenberg, and presented in Richter's landmark 1935 paper, where he called it the "magnitude scale". [3]
The moment magnitude scale (MMS; denoted explicitly with M or M w or Mwg, and generally implied with use of a single M for magnitude [1]) is a measure of an earthquake's magnitude ("size" or strength) based on its seismic moment. M w was defined in a 1979 paper by Thomas C. Hanks and Hiroo Kanamori.
Measurement of duration is incorporated in some modern scales, such as M wpd and mB c . [66] M c scales usually measure the duration or amplitude of a part of the seismic wave, the coda. [67] For short distances (less than ~100 km) these can provide a quick estimate of magnitude before the quake's exact location is known. [68]
Gravitational attraction of the proton and the electron in hydrogen atom [1] 10 −30 quectonewton (qN) 8.9 qN Weight of an electron [1] 10 −26: 16 rN Weight of a hydrogen atom [1] 10 −24 yoctonewton (yN) 5 yN Force necessary to synchronize the motion of a single trapped ion with an external signal measured in a 2010 experiment [2] [3] 10 ...
Heart failure is categorized by a measurement known as ejection fraction. Ejection fraction is the amount of blood that the left ventricle of your heart pumps out each time it contracts.
Nebraska football will likely use its Week 11 bye to get its offense back on track.. The Cornhuskers (5-4, 2-4 Big Ten) have lost three games in a row and have scored just 44 points over that span ...
In some instances, provider notices were sent to specific states as recently as Dec. 1, which may have contributed to the delayed reaction. Delayed or not, the public backlash has been fierce and ...
The Modified Mercalli intensity scale (MM, MMI, or MCS) measures the effects of an earthquake at a given location. This is in contrast with the seismic magnitude usually reported for an earthquake. Magnitude scales measure the inherent force or strength of an earthquake – an event occurring at greater or lesser depth. (The "M w" scale is ...