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Academic achievement or academic performance is the extent to which a student, teacher or institution has attained their short or long-term educational goals. Completion of educational benchmarks such as secondary school diplomas and bachelor's degrees represent academic achievement.
The tests are targeted to items and skills not currently in the curriculum [citation needed] to promote the adoption of methods such as constructivist mathematics, inquiry-based science, and problem-solving. Grades can be enhanced by extra credits, awarded where students undertake optional work, in addition to their compulsory school work. [16]
Grading in education is the application of standardized measurements to evaluate different levels of student achievement in a course. Grades can be expressed as letters (usually A to F), as a range (for example, 1 to 6), percentages, or as numbers out of a possible total (often out of 100). The exact system that is used varies worldwide.
Study skills are generally critical to success in school, [4] considered essential for acquiring good grades, and useful for learning throughout one's life. While often left up to the student and their support network, study skills are increasingly taught at the high school and university level.
Academic standards are the benchmarks of quality and excellence in education such as the rigour of curricula and the difficulty of examinations. [1] The creation of universal academic standards requires agreement on rubrics, criteria or other systems of coding academic achievement. [ 2 ]
This so-called "dual system" splitting academic and vocational training has its continuation in the higher education system. While the academic training leads to the matura and free admission to universities, successfully completed vocational education gives access to third level of practical education, the Höhere Fachschule (Schweiz).
Universities use 0–100 point grade scaling similar to the United States grading. 71 is required to pass, or roughly the equivalent of a C. Schools use the 1–5 point system, meaning if a student has a 4.5 that is the equivalent of an A− or somewhere around the 95-point range.
Educational assessment or educational evaluation [1] is the systematic process of documenting and using empirical data on the knowledge, skill, attitudes, aptitude and beliefs to refine programs and improve student learning. [2]