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In computer science, partitioned global address space (PGAS) is a parallel programming model paradigm. PGAS is typified by communication operations involving a global memory address space abstraction that is logically partitioned, where a portion is local to each process, thread, or processing element.
Examples of distributed memory (multiple computers) include MPP (massively parallel processors), COW (clusters of workstations) and NUMA (non-uniform memory access). The former is complex and expensive: Many super-computers coupled by broad-band networks. Examples include hypercube and mesh interconnections.
MapReduce is a programming model and an associated implementation for processing and generating big data sets with a parallel and distributed algorithm on a cluster. [1] [2] [3]A MapReduce program is composed of a map procedure, which performs filtering and sorting (such as sorting students by first name into queues, one queue for each name), and a reduce method, which performs a summary ...
An initial version of this model was introduced, under the MapReduce name, in a 2010 paper by Howard Karloff, Siddharth Suri, and Sergei Vassilvitskii. [2] As they and others showed, it is possible to simulate algorithms for other models of parallel computation, including the bulk synchronous parallel model and the parallel RAM, in the massively parallel communication model.
In computer science, Linda is a coordination model that aids communication in parallel computing environments. Developed by David Gelernter, it is meant to be used alongside a full-fledged computation language like Fortran or C where Linda's role is to "create computational activities and to support communication among them". [3] [4] [5]
The second wave blossomed in the late 1980s, following a 1987 book about Parallel Distributed Processing by James L. McClelland, David E. Rumelhart et al., which introduced a couple of improvements to the simple perceptron idea, such as intermediate processors (now known as "hidden layers") alongside input and output units, and used a sigmoid ...
The opposite of embarrassingly parallel problems are inherently serial problems, which cannot be parallelized at all. A common example of an embarrassingly parallel problem is 3D video rendering handled by a graphics processing unit, where each frame (forward method) or pixel (ray tracing method) can be handled with no interdependency. [3]
In the 1980s, the term was introduced [3] to describe this programming style, which was widely used to program Connection Machines in data parallel languages like C*. Today, data parallelism is best exemplified in graphics processing units (GPUs), which use both the techniques of operating on multiple data in space and time using a single ...