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Diabetic cardiomyopathy is a disorder of the heart muscle in people with diabetes.It can lead to inability of the heart to circulate blood through the body effectively, a state known as heart failure(HF), [2] with accumulation of fluid in the lungs (pulmonary edema) or legs (peripheral edema).
NPPE develops as a result of significant negative pressure generated in the chest cavity by inspiration against an upper airway obstruction. These negative pressures in the chest lead to increase venous supply to the right side of the heart while simultaneously creating more resistance for the left side of the heart to supply blood to the rest of the body (). [4]
Pulmonary edema (British English: oedema), also known as pulmonary congestion, is excessive fluid accumulation in the tissue or air spaces (usually alveoli) of the lungs. [1] This leads to impaired gas exchange , most often leading to shortness of breath ( dyspnea ) which can progress to hypoxemia and respiratory failure .
[3] [4] [5] Some non-modifiable risk factors such as age at diabetes onset, type of diabetes, gender, and genetics may influence risk. Other health problems compound the chronic complications of diabetes such as smoking , obesity , high blood pressure , elevated cholesterol levels, and lack of regular exercise .
The objective of this treatment is to treat the imbalances brought about by the illness: [44] edema, hypoalbuminemia, hyperlipidaemia, hypercoagulability and infectious complications. Edema: a return to an unswollen state is the prime objective of this treatment of nephrotic syndrome. It is carried out through the combination of a number of ...
Lower socio‐economic status and higher area‐level deprivation are associated with an increased risk of diabetic ketoacidosis in people with diabetes mellitus type 1. [ 43 ] Previously considered universally fatal, the risk of death with adequate and timely treatment is between <1% and 5%.
Cardiovascular risk reduction: Patients with diabetes mellitus are at significantly increased risk of cardiovascular disease, which is also an independent risk factor for kidney failure. Therefore, it is important to aggressively manage cardiovascular risk factors in patients with diabetes mellitus and in particular those with diabetic nephropathy.
The following risk factors have been associated with increased incidence of CRS. [7] Older age; Comorbid conditions (diabetes mellitus, uncontrolled hypertension, anemia) Drugs (anti-inflammatory agents, diuretics, ACE inhibitors, ARBs) History of heart failure with impaired left ventricular ejection fraction; Prior myocardial infarction