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2. Order of operations - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_operations

   If each subtraction is replaced with addition of the opposite (additive inverse), then the associative and commutative laws of addition allow terms to be added in any order. The radical symbol √ is traditionally extended by a bar (called vinculum) over the radicand (this avoids the need for parentheses around the radicand). Other functions ...

3. List of logarithmic identities - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_logarithmic_identities

   Logarithms can be used to make calculations easier. For example, two numbers can be multiplied just by using a logarithm table and adding. These are often known as logarithmic properties, which are documented in the table below. [2] The first three operations below assume that x = b c and/or y = b d, so that log b (x) = c and log b (y) = d.

4. Arithmetic - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arithmetic

   For example, subtraction is the inverse of addition since a number returns to its original value if a second number is first added and subsequently subtracted, as in + =. Defined more formally, the operation " ⋆ {\displaystyle \star } " is an inverse of the operation " ∘ {\displaystyle \circ } " if it fulfills the following condition: t ⋆ ...

5. Addition - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addition

   Given a set with an addition operation, one cannot always define a corresponding subtraction operation on that set; the set of natural numbers is a simple example. On the other hand, a subtraction operation uniquely determines an addition operation, an additive inverse operation, and an additive identity; for this reason, an additive group can ...

6. Additive inverse - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Additive_inverse

   In a vector space, the additive inverse −v (often called the opposite vector of v) has the same magnitude as v and but the opposite direction. [9] In modular arithmetic, the modular additive inverse of x is the number a such that a + x ≡ 0 (mod n) and always exists. For example, the inverse of 3 modulo 11 is 8, as 3 + 8 ≡ 0 (mod 11). [10]

7. Field (mathematics) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_(mathematics)

   Informally, a field is a set, along with two operations defined on that set: an addition operation written as a + b, and a multiplication operation written as a ⋅ b, both of which behave similarly as they behave for rational numbers and real numbers, including the existence of an additive inverse −a for all elements a, and of a multiplicative inverse b −1 for every nonzero element b.