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Jupiter would deliver about 36 Sv (3600 rem) per day to unshielded astronauts at Io and about 5.4 Sv (540 rems) per day to unshielded astronauts at Europa, [89] which is a decisive aspect due to the fact that already an exposure to about 0.75 Sv over a period of a few days is enough to cause radiation poisoning, and about 5 Sv over a few days ...
Because of the proximity of the Mars moons to Mars, any mission to them may also be considered a mission to Mars from some perspectives. Past missions Three missions to land on Phobos have been launched; the Soviet Phobos program in the late 1980s saw the launch of Phobos 1 and Phobos 2 , while the Russian Fobos-Grunt sample return mission was ...
Montage of planets and some moons that the two Voyager spacecraft have visited and studied. It is the only program that visited all four outer planets. A total of nine spacecraft have been launched on missions that involve visits to the outer planets; all nine missions involve encounters with Jupiter, with four spacecraft also visiting Saturn.
Through these uncrewed missions, humans have been able to get close-up photographs of all the planets and, in the case of landers, perform tests of the soils and atmospheres of some. The first artificial object sent into space was the Soviet satellite Sputnik 1 , launched on 4 October 1957, which successfully orbited Earth until 4 January the ...
The timeline of discovery of Solar System planets and their natural satellites charts the progress of the discovery of new bodies over history. Each object is listed in chronological order of its discovery (multiple dates occur when the moments of imaging, observation, and publication differ), identified through its various designations (including temporary and permanent schemes), and the ...
The outer planets Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune, compared to the inner planets Earth, Venus, Mars, and Mercury at the bottom right The four outer planets, called giant planets or Jovian planets, collectively make up 99% of the mass orbiting the Sun. [ h ] All four giant planets have multiple moons and a ring system, although only Saturn's ...
Concept for a Mars base, with ice home, pressurized rover, and Mars suits, 2016. The idea of sending humans to Mars has been the subject of aerospace engineering and scientific studies since the late 1940s as part of the broader exploration of Mars. [1] Long-term proposals have included sending settlers and terraforming the planet.
Attempted Mars orbiter/Phobos landers (contact lost) [286] [287] Phobos 2: 12 July 1988 Mars orbiter/attempted Phobos landers (contact lost) [288] [289] Magellan: 4 May 1989 Venus orbiter [290] [291] Galileo: 18 October 1989 Venus flyby, first Asteroid flyby , first Asteroid moon discovery , first Jupiter orbiter, first Jupiter atmospheric probe