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Pollinator decline is the reduction in abundance of insect and other animal pollinators in many ecosystems worldwide that began being recorded at the end of the 20th century. Multiple lines of evidence exist for the reduction of wild pollinator populations at the regional level, especially within Europe and North America.
Insect pollinators preferentially visit flowers that are sexually viable and have not undergone color change. [7] Pollinators will learn and discriminate against floral stages from these signals benefiting both parties by allowing insects to be guided to flowers that are rewarding, while the flowers receive pollination. [5] [7]
A common phenotype of UV coloration is the “bulls-eye” pattern where a flower reflects UV light at the ends of the petals and absorbs UV light in the center. [4] This acts as a guide for pollinators to locate and find pollen. [4] Other flowers add the contrast between their reproductive parts (anthers and pistils) and their petals. [7]
Many members of the genus Arum trap pollinators and the specific mechanisms vary with the insects involved. [6] [7] Cypripedium or lady slipper, trapping a bee so it goes through a narrow passage where it picks up the pollinia. Species of the genus Cypripedium (lady slippers) of orchids trap insects temporarily to ensure pollination.
Many bats use Heliconia leaves for shelter. The Honduran white bat, Ectohylla alba, utilizes five species of Heliconia to make diurnal tent-shaped roosts. The bat cuts the side veins of the leaf extending from the midrib, causing the leaf to fold like a tent. This structure provides the bat with shelter from rain, sun, and predators.
Honey bees at a hive entrance: one is about to land and another is fanning. Colony collapse disorder (CCD) is an abnormal phenomenon that occurs when the majority of worker bees in a honey bee colony disappear, leaving behind a queen, plenty of food, and a few nurse bees to care for the remaining immature bees. [1]
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Light has a great effect on the caterpillars while they are spinning, and they spin the majority of their silk on the most illuminated face of the tent. Indeed, if, under experimental conditions, the dominant light source is directed at the tent from below, the caterpillars will build their tent upside down.