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The monitoring of warfarin and keeping the international normalized ratio (INR) between 2.0 and 3.0, along with avoiding over and under treatment, has driven a search for an alternative. [3] [14] A naturally occurring inhibitor of factor Xa was reported in 1971 by Spellman et al. from the dog hookworm. [15]
It is a highly cationic peptide that binds to either heparin or low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) to form a stable ion pair, which does not have anticoagulant activity. The ionic complex is then removed and broken down by the reticuloendothelial system. In large doses, protamine sulfate may also have an independent — however weak ...
Low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) is a class of anticoagulant medications. [1] They are used in the prevention of blood clots and, in the treatment of venous thromboembolism ( deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism ), and the treatment of myocardial infarction .
In nephrology, dialysis adequacy is the measurement of renal dialysis for the purpose of determining dialysis treatment regime and to better understand the pathophysiology of renal dialysis. [1] It is an area of considerable controversy in nephrology .
An anticoagulant, commonly known as a blood thinner, is a chemical substance that prevents or reduces the coagulation of blood, prolonging the clotting time. [1] Some occur naturally in blood-eating animals, such as leeches and mosquitoes, which help keep the bite area unclotted long enough for the animal to obtain blood.
Renal replacement therapy includes dialysis (hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis), hemofiltration, and hemodiafiltration, which are various ways of filtration of blood with or without machines. Renal replacement therapy also includes kidney transplantation , which is the ultimate form of replacement in that the old kidney is replaced by a donor ...
Taurolidine/heparin, sold under the brand name Defencath, is a fixed-dose combination catheter lock solution used for central venous catheter instillation. [1] [2] It contains taurolidine, a thiadiazinane antimicrobial; and heparin, an anti-coagulant.
Unfractionated heparin is used in hemodialysis. Compared to low-molecular-weight heparin, unfractionated heparin does not have prolonged anticoagulation action after dialysis and is low cost. However, the short duration of action for heparin would require it to maintain continuous infusion to maintain its action.