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The history includes Hindu–Arabic numerals, letters from the Roman, Greek, Hebrew, and German alphabets, and a variety of symbols invented by mathematicians over the past several centuries. The historical development of mathematical notation can be divided into three stages: [4] [5]
Latin and Greek letters are used in mathematics, science, engineering, and other areas where mathematical notation is used as symbols for constants, special functions, and also conventionally for variables representing certain quantities.
Greek letters are used in mathematics, science, engineering, and other areas where mathematical notation is used as symbols for constants, special functions, and also conventionally for variables representing certain quantities. In these contexts, the capital letters and the small letters represent distinct and unrelated entities.
Letters are typically used for naming—in mathematical jargon, one says representing—mathematical objects. The Latin and Greek alphabets are used extensively, but a few letters of other alphabets are also used sporadically, such as the Hebrew , Cyrillic Ш, and Hiragana よ. Uppercase and lowercase letters are considered as different ...
Historically, upper-case letters were used for representing points in geometry, and lower-case letters were used for variables and constants. Letters are used for representing many other types of mathematical object. As the number of these types has increased, the Greek alphabet and some Hebrew letters have also come to be used.
Many letters of the Latin alphabet, both capital and small, are used in mathematics, science, and engineering to denote by convention specific or abstracted constants, variables of a certain type, units, multipliers, or physical entities. Certain letters, when combined with special formatting, take on special meaning.
Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols is a Unicode block comprising styled forms of Latin and Greek letters and decimal digits that enable mathematicians to denote different notions with different letter styles. The letters in various fonts often have specific, fixed meanings in particular areas of mathematics.
Letters of Euler to a German Princess on Different Subjects of Physics and Philosophy (London, 1795, in 2 vols.) Anleitung zur Algebra Elements of Algebra (St Petersburg, 1770, in octavo); Dioptrica (St Petersburg, 1767–1771, in 3 vols. quarto) Theoria motuum lunge nova methodo pertr. arctata (St Petersburg, 1772, in quarto)