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It had been conjectured that the fixed stars were much farther away than the planets. Sun: Star 3rd century BC — 1609 380 Earth radii (very inaccurate, true=16000 Earth radii) Aristarchus of Samos made a measurement of the distance of the Sun from the Earth in relation to the distance of the Moon from the Earth. The distance to the Moon was ...
Any stars that did not move between observations are, for the purpose of the accuracy of the measurement, infinitely far away. This means that the distance of the movement of the Earth compared to the distance to these infinitely far away stars is, within the accuracy of the measurement, 0.
Consider the case where a distant star is motionless relative to the Sun, and the star is extremely far away, so that parallax may be ignored. In the rest frame of the Sun, this means light from the star travels in parallel paths to the Earth observer, and arrives at the same angle regardless of where the Earth is in its orbit.
This shift is the apex angle in an isosceles triangle, with 2 AU (the distance between the extreme positions of Earth's orbit around the Sun) making the base leg of the triangle and the distance to the star being the long equal-length legs (because of a very long distance from the Earth orbit to the observed star).
The previous most distant star, MACS J1149 Lensed Star 1, has a redshift of 1.49, and is now 14.4 billion light-years away. If it is a single star, Earendel has a temperature of 13,000 – 16,000 K and a luminosity of 631,000 – 3,981,000 L ☉ , depending on the magnification.
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In addition to new measurements of the star’s size and distance, this new study from Australian National University (ANU) suggests the star is not likely to erupt for 100,000 years. Betelgeuse ...
The planet orbits a red dwarf star named Kepler-438.The star has a mass of 0.54 M ☉ and a radius of 0.52 R ☉, both lower than those of the Sun by almost half. It has a surface temperature of 3748 K and is estimated to be about 4.4 billion years old, [3] only 200 million years younger than the Sun [7] and the Sun has a surface temperature of 5778 K. [8]