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The Ecca Group is the second of the main subdivisions of the Karoo Supergroup of geological strata in southern Africa. It mainly follows conformably after the Dwyka Group in some sections, but in some localities overlying unconformably over much older basement rocks. It underlies the Beaufort Group in all known outcrops and exposures.
The geology of Africa is varied and complex, and gives rise to the wide variety of landscapes found across the continent. The African continent rests over two main plates. The African Plate , accounting for the whole of north Africa, and the Somali Plate , which accounts for the eastern side of mid and southern Africa. [ 1 ]
The Kaapvaal Craton covers an area of approximately 1,200,000 km 2 (460,000 sq mi) and is joined to the Zimbabwe Craton to the north by the Limpopo Belt.To the south and west, the Kaapvaal Craton is flanked by Proterozoic orogens, and to the east by the Lebombo monocline that contains Jurassic igneous rocks associated with the break-up of Gondwana.
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Map of the Zimbabwe and Kaapvaal Cratons SW end of the 550 km long Great Dyke of Zimbabwe from ISS, 2010. Brachiosaurus femur and Geologist Metrinah Ruzvidzo, 2005. The geology of Zimbabwe in southern Africa is centered on the Zimbabwe Craton, a core of Archean basement composed in the main of granitoids, schist and gneisses.
The oceans were frozen to great depths, and snow covering reflected the heat from the sun through cloudless skies. Only simple forms of life could survive in locations such as deep oceanic hydrothermal vents. [18] At the end of this period the edges of the West African craton became highly active, throwing up a ring of volcanoes.
Borg, G (1995), "Metallogenesis of Neoproterozoic basins in Namibia and Botswana" (PDF), Communications of the Geological Survey of Namibia, 10: 109– 119 Kukulus, Matthias (2004), A quantitative approach to the evolution of the central Walvis Basin offshore NW-Namibia: structure, mass balancing, and hydrocarbon potential (PhD thesis) , Julius ...
The geology of Tanzania began to form in the Precambrian, in the Archean and Proterozoic eons, in some cases more than 2.5 billion years ago. Igneous and metamorphic crystalline basement rock forms the Archean Tanzania Craton, which is surrounded by the Proterozoic Ubendian belt, Mozambique Belt and Karagwe-Ankole Belt.