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Breton is a Brittonic Celtic language in the Indo-European family, and its grammar has many traits in common with these languages. Like most Indo-European languages it has grammatical gender , grammatical number , articles and inflections and, like the other Celtic languages, Breton has mutations.
English online dictionary and grammar for Breton; A multilingual dictionary containing many Breton words alongside those of other languages; Learning. Breton site including online lessons; Audio CD, workbooks, software in English to learn Breton; Breton site with learners' forum and lessons (mostly in French with some English)
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The Breton language is Brittonic, not Gaulish, though there may be some input from the latter, [57] having been introduced from Southwestern regions of Britain in the post-Roman era and having evolved into Breton. In the P/Q classification schema, the first language to split off from Proto-Celtic was Gaelic.
The role which initial mutations play in Breton grammar can be divided into three categories (which are not mutually exclusive): Linking (or contact) mutations – these occur systematically after certain words called mutators, of which there are around 100 in Breton. tad "father" → da dad "your father" mamm "mother" → div vamm "two mothers"
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Each original consonant shifted one position to the right. For example, original dʰ became d, while original d became t and original t became θ (written th in English). This is the original source of the English sounds written f, th, h and wh. Examples, comparing English with Latin, where the sounds largely remain unshifted:
The development from Old English to Middle English is marked particularly by a change from syntheticism (expressing meaning using word-endings) to analyticism (expressing meaning using word order). Old English was a synthetic language, though its inflections already tended to be simpler than those of contemporary continental Germanic languages.