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The Commonwealth Building is a 14-story, 194 ft (59 m) commercial office tower in Portland, Oregon, United States. Located at 421 SW 6th Avenue between Washington and Harvey Milk Streets, it was designed by architect Pietro Belluschi and built between 1944 and 1948.
International Style skyscrapers came to dominate many of Canada's major cities, especially Ottawa, Montreal, Vancouver, Calgary, Edmonton, Hamilton, and Toronto. While these glass boxes were at first unique and interesting, the idea was soon repeated to the point of ubiquity.
These systems allow greater economic efficiency, [48] and also allow skyscrapers to take on various shapes, no longer needing to be rectangular and box-shaped. [49] The first building to employ the tube structure was the Chestnut De-Witt apartment building, [ 41 ] considered to be a major development in modern architecture. [ 41 ]
Midtown Manhattan in 1932 showing the results of the 1916 Zoning Resolution: many skyscrapers with setbacks. Graph of the 1916 New York City zoning ordinance with an example elevation for an 80-foot street in a 2½-times height district. The 1916 Zoning Resolution in New York City was the first citywide zoning code in the United States.
Early skyscrapers emerged in the United States as a result of economic growth, the financial organization of American businesses, and the intensive use of land. [9] New York City was one of the centers of early skyscraper construction and had a history as a key seaport located on the small island of Manhattan, on the east coast of the U.S. [10] As a consequence of its colonial history and city ...
Other major works included Farnsworth House in Plano, Illinois (1945–1951), a simple horizontal glass box that had an enormous influence on American residential architecture. The Chicago Convention Center (1952–54) and Crown Hall at the Illinois Institute of Technology (1950–56), and The Seagram Building in New York City (1954–58) also ...
Based on pure geometric form, buildings in the International style have been both praised as minimalist monuments to American culture and corporate success by some, and criticized as sterile glass boxes by others. Skyscraper hotels gained popularity with the construction of John Portman's (1924–) Westin Peachtree Plaza Hotel in Atlanta ...
A white box (or glass box, clear box, or open box) is a subsystem whose internals can be viewed but usually not altered. [1] The term is used in systems engineering, software engineering, and in intelligent user interface design, [2] [3] where it is closely related to recent interest in explainable artificial intelligence.