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The proposition in probability theory known as the law of total expectation, [1] the law of iterated expectations [2] (LIE), Adam's law, [3] the tower rule, [4] and the smoothing theorem, [5] among other names, states that if is a random variable whose expected value is defined, and is any random variable on the same probability space, then
The tower rule may refer to one of two rules in mathematics: Law of total expectation, in probability and stochastic theory; a rule governing the degree of a field extension of a field extension in field theory
In mathematics, tetration (or hyper-4) is an operation based on iterated, or repeated, exponentiation. There is no standard notation for tetration, though Knuth's up arrow notation ↑ ↑ {\displaystyle \uparrow \uparrow } and the left-exponent x b {\displaystyle {}^{x}b} are common.
This is a list of notable theorems.Lists of theorems and similar statements include: List of algebras; List of algorithms; List of axioms; List of conjectures
El-Sayed rule, in physical chemistry states that "the rate of intersystem crossing (same energy radiationless transition between two electronic states), e.g. from the lowest singlet state to the triplet manifold, is relatively large if it involves a change of molecular orbital type"
The most fundamental concept in chemistry is the law of conservation of mass, which states that there is no detectable change in the quantity of matter during an ordinary chemical reaction. Modern physics shows that it is actually energy that is conserved, and that energy and mass are related; a concept which becomes important in nuclear chemistry.
The American Chemistry Council, which represents chemical manufacturers, said it was reviewing the rule but criticized EPA's use of what it called "a deeply flawed'' method to determine the ...
A master equation may be used to model a set of chemical reactions when the number of molecules of one or more species is small (of the order of 100 or 1000 molecules). [4] The chemical master equation can also solved for the very large models, such as the DNA damage signal from fungal pathogen Candida albicans. [5]