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  2. Causal reasoning - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causal_reasoning

    Causal reasoning is the process of identifying causality: the relationship between a cause and its effect. The study of causality extends from ancient philosophy to contemporary neuropsychology; assumptions about the nature of causality may be shown to be functions of a previous event preceding a later one. The first known protoscientific study ...

  3. Bradford Hill criteria - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradford_Hill_criteria

    Temporality: The effect has to occur after the cause (and if there is an expected delay between the cause and expected effect, then the effect must occur after that delay). Biological gradient (dose–response relationship): Greater exposure should generally lead to greater incidence of the effect. However, in some cases, the mere presence of ...

  4. Five whys - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_whys

    Five whys (or 5 whys) is an iterative interrogative technique used to explore the cause-and-effect relationships underlying a particular problem. [1] The primary goal of the technique is to determine the root cause of a defect or problem by repeating the question "why?" five times, each time directing the current "why" to the answer of the ...

  5. Causal notation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causal_notation

    Causal notation is notation used to express cause and effect. In nature and human societies, many phenomena have causal relationships where one phenomenon A (a cause) impacts another phenomenon B (an effect). Establishing causal relationships is the aim of many scientific studies across fields ranging from biology [ 1] and physics [ 2] to ...

  6. Causality - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causality

    Causality is an influence by which one event, process, state, or object (acause) contributes to the production of another event, process, state, or object (an effect) where the cause is at least partly responsible for the effect, and the effect is at least partly dependent on the cause. In general, a process can have multiple causes, [ 1 ...

  7. Frequency illusion - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_illusion

    The process of frequency illusion is inseparable from selective attention, due to the cause-and-effect relationship between the two, so the "frequent" object, phrase, or idea has to be selective. This means that a particularly triggering or emotive stimulus could catch someone's attention, possibly more than a mundane task they are preoccupied ...

  8. Humean definition of causality - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humean_definition_of_causality

    also fixed eight general rules that can help in recognizing which objects are in cause-effect relation, the main four are as following: (1) The cause and effect must be contiguous in space and time. (2) The cause must be prior to the effect. (3) There must be a constant union betwixt the cause and effect.

  9. Causal loop diagram - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causal_loop_diagram

    A causal loop diagram (CLD) is a causal diagram that aids in visualizing how different variables in a system are causally interrelated. The diagram consists of a set of words and arrows. Causal loop diagrams are accompanied by a narrative which describes the causally closed situation the CLD describes. Closed loops, or causal feedback loops, in ...