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An 1802 cartoon of Edward Jenner 's cowpox-derived smallpox vaccine. Diseases and epidemics of the 19th century included long-standing epidemic threats such as smallpox, typhus, yellow fever, and scarlet fever. In addition, cholera emerged as an epidemic threat and spread worldwide in six pandemics in the nineteenth century.
Bubonic plague is one of three types of plague caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis. [1] One to seven days after exposure to the bacteria, flu-like symptoms develop. [1] These symptoms include fever, headaches, and vomiting, [1] as well as swollen and painful lymph nodes occurring in the area closest to where the bacteria entered the skin. [2]
In the mid to late nineteenth century, scientific patterns emerged which contradicted the widely held miasma theory of disease. These findings led medical science to what we now know as the germ theory of disease. [ 1] The germ theory of disease proposes that invisible microorganisms ( bacteria and viruses) are the cause of particular illnesses ...
Tuberculosis (TB), also known colloquially as the " white death ", or historically as consumption, [8] is an infectious disease usually caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) bacteria. [1] Tuberculosis generally affects the lungs, but it can also affect other parts of the body. [1] Most infections show no symptoms, in which case it is known ...
[1] [17] Since the 17th century, several major outbreaks of the disease have occurred in the Americas, Africa, and Europe. [1] In the 18th and 19th centuries, yellow fever was considered one of the most dangerous infectious diseases; numerous epidemics swept through major cities of the US and in other parts of the world. [1]
The history of tuberculosis encompasses the origins of the disease, tuberculosis (TB) through to the vaccines and treatments methods developed to contain and mitigate its impact. Throughout history, the disease tuberculosis has been variously known as consumption, phthisis, and the White Plague. It is generally accepted that the causative agent ...
Gonorrhea infections of mucosal membranes can cause swelling, itching, pain, and the formation of pus. [11] The time from exposure to symptoms is usually between two and 14 days, with most symptoms appearing between four and six days after infection, if they appear at all. Both men and women with infections of the throat may experience a sore ...
Smallpox was an infectious disease caused by variola virus (often called smallpox virus), which belongs to the genus Orthopoxvirus. [7] [11] The last naturally occurring case was diagnosed in October 1977, and the World Health Organization (WHO) certified the global eradication of the disease in 1980, [10] making smallpox the only human disease to have been eradicated to date.