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Fermat's little theorem. In number theory, Fermat's little theorem states that if p is a prime number, then for any integer a, the number ap − a is an integer multiple of p. In the notation of modular arithmetic, this is expressed as. For example, if a = 2 and p = 7, then 27 = 128, and 128 − 2 = 126 = 7 × 18 is an integer multiple of 7.
Equivalent statement 2: x n + y n = z n, where integer n ≥ 3, has no non-trivial solutions x, y, z ∈ Q. This is because the exponents of x , y , and z are equal (to n ), so if there is a solution in Q , then it can be multiplied through by an appropriate common denominator to get a solution in Z , and hence in N .
Since (y 2, z, x 2) form a primitive Pythagorean triple, they can be written z = 2de y 2 = d 2 − e 2 x 2 = d 2 + e 2. where d and e are coprime and d > e > 0. Thus, x 2 y 2 = d 4 − e 4. which produces another solution (d, e, xy) that is smaller (0 < d < x). As before, there must be a lower bound on the size of solutions, while this argument ...
The degree of the sum (or difference) of two polynomials is less than or equal to the greater of their degrees; that is, and . For example, the degree of is 2, and 2 ≤ max {3, 3}. The equality always holds when the degrees of the polynomials are different. For example, the degree of is 3, and 3 = max {3, 2}.
In mathematics, a Fermat number, named after Pierre de Fermat, the first known to have studied them, is a positive integer of the form: where n is a non-negative integer. The first few Fermat numbers are: 3, 5, 17, 257, 65537, 4294967297, 18446744073709551617, ... (sequence A000215 in the OEIS). If 2 k + 1 is prime and k > 0, then k itself must ...
For any integer n, n ≡ 1 (mod 2) if and only if 3n + 1 / 2 ≡ 2 (mod 3). Equivalently, 2n − 1 / 3 ≡ 1 (mod 2) if and only if n ≡ 2 (mod 3). Conjecturally, this inverse relation forms a tree except for a 1–2 loop (the inverse of the 1–2 loop of the function f(n) revised as indicated above).
The solution set for the equations x − y = −1 and 3x + y = 9 is the single point (2, 3). A solution of a linear system is an assignment of values to the variables x 1, x 2, ..., x n such that each of the equations is satisfied. The set of all possible solutions is called the solution set. [5]
Cube (algebra) y = x3 for values of 1 ≤ x ≤ 25. In arithmetic and algebra, the cube of a number n is its third power, that is, the result of multiplying three instances of n together. The cube of a number or any other mathematical expression is denoted by a superscript 3, for example 23 = 8 or (x + 1)3. The cube is also the number ...