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Stuttering, also known as stammering, is a speech disorder characterized externally by involuntary repetitions and prolongations of sounds, syllables, words, or phrases as well as involuntary silent pauses called blocks in which the person who stutters is unable to produce sounds.
Greek orator Demosthenes practicing oratory at the beach with pebbles in his mouth. Stuttering (alalia syllabaris), also known as stammering (alalia literalis or anarthria literalis), is a speech disorder in which the flow of speech is disrupted by involuntary repetitions and prolongations of sounds, syllables, words or phrases, and involuntary silent pauses or blocks during which the person ...
The Stuttering Foundation of America provides free online resources, services and support to those who stutter and their families, as well as support for research into the causes of stuttering. A 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization, The Stuttering Foundation was established by Malcolm Fraser in 1947 in Memphis, Tennessee . [ 1 ]
In some cases the cause is unknown. However, there are various known causes of speech impairments, such as hearing loss , neurological disorders , brain injury , an increase in mental strain, constant bullying, intellectual disability , substance use disorder , physical impairments such as cleft lip and palate , and vocal abuse or misuse. [ 12 ]
Stuttering was, and essentially still is, a riddle with a long history of interest and speculation into its causes and cures. Stutterers can be traced back centuries to the likes of Demosthenes, [1] who tried to control his disfluency by speaking with pebbles in his mouth. The Talmud interprets Bible passages to indicate Moses was also a ...
The dopamine hypothesis of stuttering attributes to the phenomenon of stuttering a hyperactive and disturbed dopaminergic signal transduction in the brain. The theory is derived from observations in medical neuroimaging and from the empirical response of some antipsychotics and their antagonistic effects on the dopamine receptor.
Some types of treatment for children younger than six years of age focus on the elimination of stuttering. Families are involved in the management of stuttering feedback in children: therapy is usually characterized providing an environment that encourages slow speech, affording the child time to talk, and modeling slowed and relaxed speech.
Palilalia is defined as the repetition of the speaker's words or phrases, often for a varying number of repeats. Repeated units are generally whole sections of words and are larger than a syllable, with words being repeated the most often, followed by phrases, and then syllables or sounds.