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This federalism is symmetrical in that the devolved powers of the constituent units are envisioned to be the same. Historically, the state of Jammu and Kashmir was accorded a status different from other States owing to an explicitly temporary provision of the Indian Constitution namely Article 370 (which was revoked by the Parliament in 2019). [1]
In 1983, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the First Circuit ruled that Puerto Rico enjoys Eleventh Amendment immunity. [10] However, subsequent rulings from other federal courts have determined that the other similarly unincorporated territories of American Samoa , Guam , Northern Mariana Islands and the Virgin Islands , do not enjoy Eleventh ...
11 December 1946: The Assembly appointed Rajendra Prasad as its president, [26] H. C. Mukherjee as its vice-president and, B. N. Rau as constitutional legal adviser. (There were initially 389 members in total, which declined to 299 after partition , out of the 389 members, 292 were from government provinces, four from chief commissioner ...
Federalism is a mode of government that combines a general level of government (a central or federal government) with a regional level of sub-unit governments (e.g., provinces, states, cantons, territories, etc.), while dividing the powers of governing between the two levels of governments.
State of Rajasthan, [11] by a majority of 3–2, the Supreme Court held, "When article 368 confers on Parliament the right to amend the Constitution, the power in question can be exercised over all the provisions of the Constitution. It would be unreasonable to hold that the word "Law" in article 13 (2) takes in Constitution Amendment Acts ...
[10] Fundamental rights primarily protect individuals from any arbitrary state actions, but some rights are enforceable against individuals. [11] For instance, the Constitution abolishes untouchability and also prohibits begar. These provisions act as a check both on state action as well as the action of private individuals.
Mohammad Akbar Lone vs. Union of India, draft of writ petition filed in the Supreme Court, 10 August 2019 ‘Sardar Patel was actually the architect of Article 370’: Historian Srinath Raghavan on Kashmir, Scroll.in, 10 October 2019. Vakasha Sachdev, Stop With the Fake News, Article 370 Was NOT a Temporary Provision, The Quint, 16 August 2019
10 2 June 2001: 5 March 2002: 276 days Loss of majority. [75] Meghalaya: 1 11 October 1991: 5 February 1992: 117 days The Centre imposed president's rule in Meghalaya in the wake of a political crisis after the then Speaker PR Kyndiah suspended five MLAs, mostly independents, on grounds of defection. [76] [77] 2 19 March 2009: 13 May 2009: 56 days