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Scarlet fever, also known as scarlatina, is an infectious disease caused by Streptococcus pyogenes, a Group A streptococcus (GAS). [3] It most commonly affects children between five and 15 years of age. [1] The signs and symptoms include a sore throat, fever, headache, swollen lymph nodes, and a characteristic rash. [1]
[9] [10] Common symptoms include fever, sore throat, red tonsils, and enlarged lymph nodes in the front of the neck. A headache and nausea or vomiting may also occur. [11] Some develop a sandpaper-like rash which is known as scarlet fever. [2] Symptoms typically begin one to three days after exposure and last seven to ten days. [2] [3] [11]
The UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA) said that an average of 2,861 (range 479 to 5,051) of scarlet fever were recorded during the same period over the past 5 years. [ 3 ] The following table shows the number of notifications of iGAS and scarlet fever published by data from the UKHSA from 12 September to 18 June.
White strawberry tongue is seen in early scarlet fever (a systemic infection of group A β- hemolytic streptococci), [26] and red strawberry tongue occurs later, after 4–5 days. [8] Strawberry tongue is also seen in Kawasaki disease (a vasculitic disorder primarily occurring in children under 5), [ 27 ] [ 28 ] and toxic shock syndrome . [ 29 ]
The most frequent manifestations of disease are commonly known as scarlet fever. Infections typically begin in the throat or skin. The most striking sign is a strawberry-like rash. Examples of mild S. pyogenes infections include pharyngitis (strep throat) and localized skin infection .
Many other viral rashes, like measles, rubella, roseola, and scarlet fever, can look similar to erythema infectiosum. In adults, for example, joint pain caused by parvovirus B19 infection might make doctor consider conditions like the flu and mononucleosis during initial diagnosis.
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Toxic shock syndrome (TSS) is a condition caused by bacterial toxins. [1] Symptoms may include fever, rash, skin peeling, and low blood pressure. [1] There may also be symptoms related to the specific underlying infection such as mastitis, osteomyelitis, necrotising fasciitis, or pneumonia.