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See also: Electronegativities of the elements (data page) There are no reliable sources for Pm, Eu and Yb other than the range of 1.1–1.2; see Pauling, Linus (1960). The Nature of the Chemical Bond. 3rd ed., Cornell University Press, p. 93.
To calculate Pauling electronegativity for an element, it is necessary to have data on the dissociation energies of at least two types of covalent bonds formed by that element. A. L. Allred updated Pauling's original values in 1961 to take account of the greater availability of thermodynamic data, [8] and it is these "revised Pauling" values of ...
See also: Electronegativities of the elements (data page) There are no reliable sources for Pm, Eu and Yb other than the range of 1.1–1.2; see Pauling, Linus (1960). The Nature of the Chemical Bond. 3rd ed., Cornell University Press, p. 93.
The bond valence method is a development of Pauling's rules. In 1930, Lawrence Bragg [11] showed that Pauling's electrostatic valence rule could be represented by electrostatic lines of force emanating from cations in proportion to the cation charge and ending on anions. The lines of force are divided equally between the bonds to the corners of ...
There are two possible structures for hydrogen cyanide, HCN and CNH, differing only as to the position of the hydrogen atom. The structure with hydrogen attached to nitrogen, CNH, leads to formal charges of -1 on carbon and +1 on nitrogen, which would be partially compensated for by the electronegativity of nitrogen and Pauling calculated the net charges on H, N and C as -0.79, +0.75 and +0.04 ...
The effect is largest for cations with high charge and low C.N. (especially when r+/r- approaches the lower limit of the polyhedral stability). Generally, smaller elements fulfill the rule better. [6] As one example, Pauling considered the three mineral forms of titanium dioxide, each with a coordination number of 6 for the Ti 4+ cations.
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Holmium is quite electropositive: on the Pauling electronegativity scale, it has an electronegativity of 1.23. [18] It is generally trivalent. It reacts slowly with cold water and quickly with hot water to form holmium(III) hydroxide: [19] 2 Ho (s) + 6 H 2 O (l) → 2 Ho(OH) 3 (aq) + 3 H 2 (g) Holmium metal reacts with all the stable halogens: [20]