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Wide range of infections; penicillin used for streptococcal infections, syphilis, and Lyme disease: Gastrointestinal upset and diarrhea; Allergy with serious anaphylactic reactions; Brain and kidney damage (rare) Same mode of action as other beta-lactam antibiotics: disrupt the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls ...
The WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children (aka Essential Medicines List for Children [1] or EMLc [1]), published by the World Health Organization (WHO), contains the medications considered to be most effective and safe in children up to twelve years of age to meet the most important needs in a health system. [2] [3]
[4] [12] [14] [17] [27] Therapeutic alternatives with similar clinical performance are listed for some medicines and they may be considered for national essential medicines lists. [17] [18] The 9th Essential Medicines List for Children was updated in July 2023. [23] [28] Note: An α indicates a medicine is on the complementary list. [4] [14] [17]
Cefdinir, sold under the brand name Omnicef among others, is an antibiotic used to treat pneumonia, otitis media, strep throat, and cellulitis. [1] It is a less preferred option for pneumonia, otitis media, and strep throat which may be used in those with a severe penicillin allergy. [1]
Dicloxacillin is a narrow-spectrum β-lactam antibiotic of the penicillin class. [1] It is used to treat infections caused by susceptible (non-resistant) Gram-positive bacteria . [ 1 ] It is active against beta-lactamase -producing organisms such as Staphylococcus aureus , which would otherwise be resistant to most penicillins .
The usual dose by mouth is one capsule of 250 mg 4 times a day in adults and half the adult dose as a syrup for children under the age of 10 years but over 2. [4] For children below the age of 2 years, the oral dose is a quarter of the adult oral dose. [3] Ampicillin/flucloxacillin is taken orally about half an hour before food. [5]
For children with diseases other than above: 3 mg/kg/dose, 3 times a day after meals. The dosage may be adjusted according to the disease or the patients age and symptoms, but not exceed the maximum dose for adults. Safety in low birth weight infants and newborns has not been established. [11]
Antibiotic molecules that successfully traverse the porin channels may be removed by efflux pumps. Downregulation of the porin OprD2 is an important contributor to imipenem resistance. [39] Like the Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter can express a wide range of antibiotic-deactivitating enzymes, including beta lactamases.