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The 1860 United States census was the eighth census conducted in the United States starting June 1, 1860, and lasting five months. It determined the population of the United States to be 31,443,321 [ 1 ] in 33 states and 10 organized territories.
Total population counts for the Censuses of 1790 through 1860 include both free and enslaved persons. Native Americans were not identified in the Census of 1790 through 1840 and only sporadically from 1850 until 1890, if they lived outside of Indian Territory or off reservations.
The rural population is defined by size of place under 2500 and includes non-farmers living in villages and the open countryside. At the first census in 1790, the rural population was 3.7 million and urban only 202,000. The nation was 95% rural, and the great majority of rural residents were subsistence farmers.
These farmers tended to work the fields alongside the people they enslaved. [5] Of the estimated 46,200 plantations existing in 1860, 20,700 had 20 to 30 enslaved people and 2,300 had a workforce of a hundred or more, with the rest somewhere in between. [4] Many plantations were operated by absentee-landowners and never had a main house on site.
In 1860, the nearby town of Albion had a population of 115 people, while Polk had 116. Shortly after, the railroad came through the outskirts of Polk, which boosted the town a bit. In 1880, Polk ...
A crew of divers at Pier No. 4 on March 20, 1869 pose for a photo during the construction of the Hannibal Bridge. The divers were hired to work below the surface of the Missouri River to help with ...
Between 1880 and 1900, the urban population of the United States rose from 28% to 40%, and reached 50% by 1920, in part due to 9,000,000 European immigrants. After 1890 the US rural population began to plummet, as farmers were displaced by mechanization and forced to migrate to urban factory jobs.
As an essential part of the southern cotton industry, farmers depended on slave labor to do the massive amount of field work. In 1860, 30% of the total state population of 604,215 were enslaved. [ 135 ]