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  2. Goat grazing problem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goat_grazing_problem

    Find the area between a circle and its involute over an angle of 2 π to −2 π excluding any overlap. In Cartesian coordinates, the equation of the involute is transcendental; doing a line integral there is hardly feasible. A more felicitous approach is to use polar coordinates (z,θ).

  3. Visual angle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_angle

    The diagram on the right shows an observer's eye looking at a frontal extent (the vertical arrow) that has a linear size , located in the distance from point . For present purposes, point O {\displaystyle O} can represent the eye's nodal points at about the center of the lens, and also represent the center of the eye's entrance pupil that is ...

  4. Macula - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macula

    The macula (/ˈmakjʊlə/) [1] or macula lutea is an oval-shaped pigmented area in the center of the retina of the human eye and in other animals. The macula in humans has a diameter of around 5.5 mm (0.22 in) and is subdivided into the umbo, foveola, foveal avascular zone, fovea, parafovea, and perifovea areas.

  5. Regiomontanus' angle maximization problem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regiomontanus'_angle...

    a = the height of the bottom of the painting above eye level; b = the height of the top of the painting above eye level; x = the viewer's distance from the wall; α = the angle of elevation of the bottom of the painting, seen from the viewer's position; β = the angle of elevation of the top of the painting, seen from the viewer's position.

  6. Pars plana - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pars_plana

    The pars plana (also known as orbicularis ciliaris [1]) (Latin: flat portion) is part of the ciliary body in the uvea (or vascular tunic, the middle layer of the three layers that comprise the eye). It is about 4 mm long, located near the junction of the iris and sclera , and is scalloped in appearance.

  7. Instant centre of rotation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instant_centre_of_rotation

    Sketch 1: Instantaneous center P of a moving plane. The instant center of rotation (also known as instantaneous velocity center, [1] instantaneous center, or pole of planar displacement) of a body undergoing planar movement is a point that has zero velocity at a particular instant of time.

  8. Fundus (eye) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundus_(eye)

    Fundus photographs of the right eye (left image) and left eye (right image), as seen from the front (as if face to face with the viewer). Each fundus has no sign of disease or pathology. The gaze is into the camera, so in each picture the macula is in the center of the image, and the optic disc is located towards the nose. Both optic discs have ...

  9. Brow ridge - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brow_ridge

    The brow ridges are often not well expressed in human females, as pictured above in a female skull, and are most easily seen in profile. The brow ridge, or supraorbital ridge known as superciliary arch in medicine, is a bony ridge located above the eye sockets of all primates and some other animals.