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Est represented an outgrowth of the Human Potential Movement [4] of the 1960s through to the 1970s. As est grew, so did criticisms. [5] Various critics accused est of mind control [6] or of forming an authoritarian army; [7] some labeled it a cult. [8] The last est training took place in December 1984 in San Francisco.
Depictions of est and The Forum in literature have dealt with direct references to these trainings, through such books as Werner Erhard, The Transformation of a Man, The Founding of est, by W.W. Bartley, III; 60 Hours that Transform Your Life, by Adelaide Bry; Getting It: The Psychology of est, by Sheridan Fenwick, est: Making Life Work, by Robert Hargrove; The est Experience by James Kettle ...
Werner Hans Erhard (born John Paul Rosenberg; September 5, 1935) [1]: 7 is an American lecturer known for founding est (offered from 1971 to 1984). [1]: 14 [2] In 1985, he replaced the est Training with a newly designed program, the Forum. [3]
A former salesman, training manager and executive in the encyclopedia business, [1] [2] Erhard created the Erhard Seminars Training (est) course in 1971. [3] est was a form of Large Group Awareness Training, [4] [5] and was part of the Human Potential Movement. [6] est was a four-day, 60-hour self-help program given to groups of 250 people at a ...
Werner Erhard (born John Paul Rosenberg), a California-based former salesman, training manager and executive in the encyclopedia business, [2] [3] created the Erhard Seminars Training (est) course in 1971. [4] est was a form of Large Group Awareness Training, [5] [6] and was part of the Human Potential Movement.
Their book mentions Erhard Seminars Training ("est") and similar undertakings, such as the Landmark Forum, Lifespring, Actualizations, MSIA/Insight and PSI Seminars. In Cults in our Midst, Singer differentiated between the usage of the terms cult and Large Group Awareness Training, [39] [40] [page needed] while pointing out some commonalities.
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The Cult Information Centre categorised it as a "therapy cult", focused on personal and individual development, [2] and George Chryssides categorised it as a self religion. [ 1 ] In the 1970s Robert D’Aubigny remodelled Werner Erhard 's controversial EST program into the more UK friendly Exegesis programme while keeping the essence of it ...