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Before modern sewers were invented, cesspools that collected human waste were the most widely used sanitation system. In ancient Mesopotamia , vertical shafts carried waste away into cesspools. Similar systems existed in the Indus Valley civilization in modern-day Pakistan and in Ancient Crete and Greece .
Map of Seattle sewer districts, 1894. The main part of such a system is made up of large pipes (i.e. the sewers, or "sanitary sewers") that convey the sewage from the point of production to the point of treatment or discharge. Sewers under construction in Ystad, Sweden. Types of sanitary sewer systems that all usually are gravity sewers include:
A BBC documentary entitled The Five Billion Pound Super Sewer focuses on the Thames Tideway Scheme. Charles Palliser's novel The Quincunx features the old, pre-Bazalgette London sewers of the early nineteenth century in an extensive sub-plot. The sewer system served as the hideout of Professor Ratigan in Disney's 1986 film The Great Mouse ...
In July 1848, ten years before London began its similar endeavours following the Great Stink, James Newlands' sewer construction programme began, and over the next 11 years 86 miles (138 km) of new sewers were built. Between 1856 and 1862 another 58 miles (93 km) were added. This programme was completed in 1869.
For years the rivers were treated as open sewers and dumping grounds, leaving scars that are visible to this day. ... At the time, the city had the largest activated sludge plant in the world.
From 1842 to 1852 sections of the sewer were drained. Pietro Narducci, an Italian engineer was hired by the city of Rome to survey and restore the parts of the sewer by the Forum and the Torre dei Conti in 1862. In 1890 Otto Ludwig Richter, a German archaeologist created a map of the sewers. [25] These efforts renewed public interest in ...
According to the sewer commission's calculations, the city's sewer separation works in 2021 cost an average of $340,000 per acre. Around 88 acres of work were done that year—translating into a ...
The sewer system plays a key part in H. L. Humes's 1958 novel, The Underground City. Humes, an American novelist, was a cofounder of the Paris Review. The sewer features in a section of Max Brook's World War Z. Many people fled to the sewers to escape the dead, but were followed, leaving one of the most dangerous campaigns of the "war".