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  2. Collatz conjecture - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collatz_conjecture

    The power of 3 multiplying a is independent of the value of a; it depends only on the behavior of b. This allows one to predict that certain forms of numbers will always lead to a smaller number after a certain number of iterations: for example, 4a + 1 becomes 3a + 1 after two applications of f and 16a + 3 becomes 9a + 2 after four applications ...

  3. Goldbach's conjecture - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldbach's_conjecture

    Goldbach's conjecture is used when studying computation complexity. [36] The connection is made through the Busy Beaver function, where BB (n) is the maximum number of steps taken by any n state Turing machine that halts. There is a 27 state Turing machine that halts if and only if Goldbach's conjecture is false.

  4. Balance puzzle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance_puzzle

    A balance puzzle or weighing puzzle is a logic puzzle about balancing items—often coins—to determine which holds a different value, by using balance scales a limited number of times. These differ from puzzles that assign weights to items, in that only the relative mass of these items is relevant. For example, in detecting a dissimilar coin ...

  5. Fermat's Last Theorem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermat's_Last_Theorem

    Fermat–Catalan conjecture. In number theory, Fermat's Last Theorem (sometimes called Fermat's conjecture, especially in older texts) states that no three positive integers a, b, and c satisfy the equation an + bn = cn for any integer value of n greater than 2. The cases n = 1 and n = 2 have been known since antiquity to have infinitely many ...

  6. Millennium Prize Problems - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennium_Prize_Problems

    t. e. The Millennium Prize Problems are seven well-known complex mathematical problems selected by the Clay Mathematics Institute in 2000. The Clay Institute has pledged a US $1 million prize for the first correct solution to each problem. The Clay Mathematics Institute officially designated the title Millennium Problem for the seven unsolved ...

  7. Quadratic formula - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadratic_formula

    Quadratic formula. The roots of the quadratic function y = ⁠ 1 2 ⁠x2 − 3x + ⁠ 5 2 ⁠ are the places where the graph intersects the x -axis, the values x = 1 and x = 5. They can be found via the quadratic formula. In elementary algebra, the quadratic formula is a closed-form expression describing the solutions of a quadratic equation.

  8. Inequality (mathematics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inequality_(mathematics)

    For instance, to solve the inequality 4x < 2x + 1 ≤ 3x + 2, it is not possible to isolate x in any one part of the inequality through addition or subtraction. Instead, the inequalities must be solved independently, yielding x < ⁠ 1 / 2 ⁠ and x ≥ −1 respectively, which can be combined into the final solution −1 ≤ x < ⁠ 1 / 2 ⁠ .

  9. Tower of Hanoi - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_of_Hanoi

    The Tower of Hanoi (also called The problem of Benares Temple[1] or Tower of Brahma or Lucas' Tower[2] and sometimes pluralized as Towers, or simply pyramid puzzle[3]) is a mathematical game or puzzle consisting of three rods and a number of disks of various diameters, which can slide onto any rod. The puzzle begins with the disks stacked on ...