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A tax is a mandatory financial charge or levy imposed on an individual or legal entity by a governmental organization to support government spending and public expenditures collectively or to regulate and reduce negative externalities. [1] Tax compliance refers to policy actions and individual behavior aimed at ensuring that taxpayers are ...
A negative externality is any difference between the private cost of an action or decision to an economic agent and the social cost. In simple terms, a negative externality is anything that causes an indirect cost to individuals. An example is the toxic gases that are released from industries or mines, these gases cause harm to individuals ...
The Network of Tax Organisations (NTO) is a network of regional and international tax organisations that aims to develop a global platform to strengthen tax systems around the world and improve coordination between member countries. The NTO was founded in May 2018 in Ottawa, Canada, and brings together 10 member organisations that represent ...
A wide variety of definitions have been developed, but with little consensus. Part of the definition problem has arisen because of the different interests represented. A business person may define CSR as a business strategy, an NGO activist may see it as 'greenwash' while a government official may see it as voluntary regulation. [1] "In ...
EOIR is the oldest form of exchange of information and is now contained in Article 26 of the OECD's Model Tax Convention on Income and on Capital. [1] Article 26 allows the tax authority in one country to request specific information in relation to a taxpayer or class of taxpayers to allow for the assessment and collection of tax, or the prosecution of tax evasion.
A Pigouvian tax (also spelled Pigovian tax) is a tax on any market activity that generates negative externalities (i.e., external costs incurred by third parties that are not included in the market price). A Pigouvian tax is a method that tries to internalize negative externalities to achieve the Nash equilibrium and optimal Pareto efficiency. [1]
A corporate stakeholder can affect or be affected by the actions of a business as a whole. Whereas shareholders are often the party with the most direct and obvious interest at stake in business decisions, they are one of various subsets of stakeholders, as customers and employees also have stakes in the outcome.
The natural system model is in many ways the opposite of the rational model in that it focuses on the activities that may negatively impact the organization and therefore aims at maintaining an equilibrium in order to meet its goals. [6] The Natural System model views organizations as an organic organism which is holistically interconnected.