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During the Kojiki and Nihonshoki periods the tanka retained a well defined form, but the history of the mutations of the tanka itself forms an important chapter in haiku history, [7] until the modern revival of tanka began with several poets who began to publish literary magazines, gathering their friends and disciples as contributors.
Haiku (俳句, listen ⓘ) is a type of short form poetry that originated in Japan. Traditional Japanese haiku consist of three phrases composed of 17 morae (called on in Japanese) in a 5, 7, 5 pattern; [1] that include a kireji, or "cutting word"; [2] and a kigo, or seasonal reference.
The tanka appeared in the Imperial Court at the end of the Nara period in the late 8th century [10] and enjoyed a golden age during the Heian period (794–1185). [10] The haiku form that had appeared by the 17th century also derives from the tanka, reduced to 17 syllables: 5-7-5. [9]
Paralleling the development of haiku in English, poets writing renku in English nowadays seldom adhere to a 5-7-5 syllable format for the hokku, or other chōku ('long verses'), of their poem. The salutative requirement of the traditional hokku is often disregarded, but the hokku is still typically required to include a kigo (seasonal word or ...
Kireji (切れ字, lit. "cutting word") are a special category of words used in certain types of Japanese traditional poetry. It is regarded as a requirement in traditional haiku, as well as in the hokku, or opening verse, of both classical renga and its derivative renku (haikai no renga).
This is a list of kigo, which are words or phrases that are associated with a particular season in Japanese poetry.They provide an economy of expression that is especially valuable in the very short haiku, as well as the longer linked-verse forms renku and renga, to indicate the season referenced in the poem or stanza.
At that time, his haiku mostly adhered to the traditional syllabic format, though some were hypersyllabic, for example: In a café we debate decadence a summer butterfly flits [5] Kafe ni dekadan o ronzu natsu no chō toberi. In 1913, Santōka was accepted as a disciple by the leading haiku reformist Ogiwara Seisensui. [8]
In the time of the Man'yōshū (compiled after 759 AD), the term "tanka" was used to distinguish "short poems" from the longer chōka (長歌, "long poems").In the ninth and tenth centuries, however, notably with the compilation of the Kokin Wakashū, the short poem became the dominant form of poetry in Japan, and the originally general word waka (和歌, "Japanese poem") became the standard ...