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The voiced uvular trill is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ʀ , a small capital version of the Latin letter r .
The French rhotic has a wide range of realizations: the voiced uvular fricative [ʁ], also realised as an approximant [ʁ̞], with a voiceless positional allophone [χ], the uvular trill [ʀ], the alveolar trill [r], and the alveolar tap [ɾ]. These are all recognised as the phoneme /r/, [5] but [r] and [ɾ] are considered dialectal.
The r letter in French was historically pronounced as a trill, as was the case in Latin and as is still the case in Italian and Spanish. In Northern France, including Paris, the alveolar trill was gradually replaced with the uvular trill from the end of the 17th century. [2]
Unlike other uvular consonants, the uvular trill is articulated without a retraction of the tongue, and therefore doesn't lower neighboring high vowels the way uvular stops commonly do. Several other languages, including Inuktitut , Abkhaz , Uyghur and some varieties of Arabic , have a voiced uvular fricative but do not treat it as a rhotic ...
The uvular trill [ʀ] has lately been emerging as a provincial standard, and the alveolar trill [r] was once used in informal speech in Montreal. [when?] In modern Quebec French, the voiced uvular fricative [ʁ] (though voiceless before and after voiceless consonants: treize [tʁ̥aɛ̯zə̆] ⓘ) is most common.
The concept always includes pharyngeal consonants, but may include velar, uvular or laryngeal consonants as well. Guttural sounds are typically consonants, but murmured, pharyngealized, glottalized and strident vowels may be also considered guttural in nature. [1] [2] Some phonologists argue that all post-velar sounds constitute a natural class.
A partially devoiced uvular or pre-uvular (i.e. between velar and uvular) trill [ʀ̝̊] with some frication occurs as a coda allophone of /ʀ/ in the Limburgish dialects of Maastricht and Weert. [6] [7] Voiceless trills occur phonemically in e.g. Welsh and Icelandic. (See also voiceless alveolar trill, voiceless retroflex trill, voiceless ...
Many northern dialects retain the alveolar trill, and the trill is still dominant in rural areas. See Portuguese phonology and Guttural R. Scots: bricht [brɪçt] 'bright' Scottish Gaelic: ceàrr [kʲaːrˠ] 'false' Velarized. Pronounced as a trill at the beginning of a word, or as rr, or before consonants d, t, l, n, s; otherwise a voiced ...