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Redox (/ ˈ r ɛ d ɒ k s / RED-oks, / ˈ r iː d ɒ k s / REE-doks, reduction–oxidation [2] or oxidation–reduction [3]: 150 ) is a type of chemical reaction in which the oxidation states of the reactants change. [4] Oxidation is the loss of electrons or an increase in the oxidation state, while reduction is the gain of electrons or a ...
In thermodynamics, the reduced properties of a fluid are a set of state variables scaled by the fluid's state properties at its critical point. These dimensionless thermodynamic coordinates, taken together with a substance's compressibility factor , provide the basis for the simplest form of the theorem of corresponding states .
Reducing agents can be ranked by increasing strength by ranking their reduction potentials. Reducers donate electrons to (that is, "reduce") oxidizing agents, which are said to "be reduced by" the reducer. The reducing agent is stronger when it has a more negative reduction potential and weaker when it has a more positive reduction potential.
Such reactions (summarized in formula below) involve the removal of two hydrogen atoms from the reactant (R), in the form of a hydride ion (H −), and a proton (H +). The proton is released into solution, while the reductant RH 2 is oxidized and NAD + reduced to NADH by transfer of the hydride to the nicotinamide ring. RH 2 + NAD + → NADH ...
[9] [10] Changing the form can have a large impact on other chemical properties. For example, FAD, the fully oxidized form is subject to nucleophilic attack, the fully reduced form, FADH 2 has high polarizability, while the half reduced form is unstable in aqueous solution. [11] FAD is an aromatic ring system, whereas FADH 2 is not. [12]
In chemistry, the oxygen reduction reaction refers to the reduction half reaction whereby O 2 is reduced to water or hydrogen peroxide. In fuel cells, the reduction to water is preferred because the current is higher. The oxygen reduction reaction is well demonstrated and highly efficient in nature. [1] [2]
Reductive elimination is an elementary step in organometallic chemistry in which the oxidation state of the metal center decreases while forming a new covalent bond between two ligands. It is the microscopic reverse of oxidative addition, and is often the product-forming step in many catalytic processes. Since oxidative addition and reductive ...
Reduced row echelon form, a certain reduced row echelon form of a matrix which completely and uniquely determines its row space; Reduced word, in a free group, a word with no adjacent generator-inverse pairs; Variance reduction, a procedure used to increase the precision of the estimates that can be obtained for a given number of iterations