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In some contexts, water of crystallization is the total mass of water in a substance at a given temperature and is mostly present in a definite (stoichiometric) ratio. Classically, "water of crystallization" refers to water that is found in the crystalline framework of a metal complex or a salt, which is not directly bonded to the metal cation.
One example is the pair [CrCl(H 2 O) 5]Cl 2 •H 2 O and [Cr(H 2 O) 6]Cl 3. [1] The former has one water of crystallization but the latter does not. Another example is the pair of titanium(III) chlorides, [Ti(H 2 O) 6]Cl 3 and [Ti(H 2 O) 4 Cl 2]Cl(H 2 O) 2. The former is violet and the latter, with two molecules of water of crystallization, is ...
Another example is chloral hydrate, CCl 3 −CH(OH) 2, which can be formed by reaction of water with chloral, CCl 3 −CH=O. Many organic molecules, as well as inorganic molecules, form crystals that incorporate water into the crystalline structure without chemical alteration of the organic molecule ( water of crystallization ).
Some mineral structures, for example, montmorillonite, are capable of including a variable amount of water without significant change to the mineral structure. [citation needed] Hydration is the mechanism by which hydraulic binders such as Portland cement develop strength. A hydraulic binder is a material that can set and harden submerged in ...
Oil droplets in pastis mixed with water grow by Ostwald ripening. One example of Ostwald ripening is the re-crystallization of water within ice cream which gives old ice cream a gritty, crunchy texture. Larger ice crystals grow at the expense of smaller ones within the ice cream, creating a coarser texture. [15]
"Nickel dichloride hexahydrate" consists of the chloride complex trans-[NiCl 2 (H 2 O) 4 plus water of crystallization. As indicated in the table below, many hydrates of metal chlorides are molecular complexes. [78] [79] These compounds are often important commercial sources of transition metal chlorides. Several hydrated metal chlorides are ...
Costco membership also gives shoppers access to the club's travel deals. The company revealed its largest booking in the last year was a 150-day cruise around the world.. CFO Gary Millerchip said ...
Consider the average number of particles with particle properties denoted by a particle state vector (x,r) (where x corresponds to particle properties like size, density, etc. also known as internal coordinates and, r corresponds to spatial position or external coordinates) dispersed in a continuous phase defined by a phase vector Y(r,t) (which again is a function of all such vectors which ...