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  2. Geodetic Reference System 1980 - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geodetic_Reference_System_1980

    The geometrical separation between it and the reference ellipsoid is called the geoidal undulation, or more usually the geoid-ellipsoid separation, N. It varies globally between ±110 m. A reference ellipsoid, customarily chosen to be the same size (volume) as the geoid, is described by its semi-major axis (equatorial radius) a and flattening f.

  3. Geodetic datum - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geodetic_datum

    A geodetic datum or geodetic system (also: geodetic reference datum, geodetic reference system, or geodetic reference frame, or terrestrial reference frame) is a global datum reference or reference frame for unambiguously representing the position of locations on Earth by means of either geodetic coordinates (and related vertical coordinates) or geocentric coordinates. [1]

  4. Orthometric height - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthometric_height

    The orthometric height (symbol H) is the vertical distance along the plumb line from a point of interest to a reference surface known as the geoid, the vertical datum that approximates mean sea level. [1] [2] Orthometric height is one of the scientific formalizations of a layman's "height above sea level", along with other types of heights in ...

  5. National Spatial Reference System - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Spatial_Reference...

    The new reference frames will rely primarily on GNSS, such as the Global Positioning System (GPS), as well as on a gravimetric geoid model resulting from NGS' Gravity for the Redefinition of the American Vertical Datum Project. These new reference frames are intended be easier to access and to maintain than NAD 83 and NAVD 88, which rely on ...

  6. Earth Gravitational Model - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_Gravitational_Model

    GeographicLib provides a utility GeoidEval (with source code) to evaluate the geoid height for the EGM84, EGM96, and EGM2008 Earth gravity models. Here is an online version of GeoidEval . The Tracker Component Library from the United States Naval Research Laboratory is a free Matlab library with a number of gravitational synthesis routines.

  7. North American Datum - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_Datum

    [2] [16] The new gravimetric geoid model is the product of the Gravity for the Redefinition of the American Vertical Datum (GRAV-D) project. These new reference frames are intended to be easier to access and to maintain than NAD 83 and NAVD 88, which rely on physical survey marks that deteriorate over time. [2]

  8. Earth ellipsoid - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_ellipsoid

    An ellipsoidal model describes only the ellipsoid's geometry and a normal gravity field formula to go with it. Commonly an ellipsoidal model is part of a more encompassing geodetic datum. For example, the older ED-50 (European Datum 1950) is based on the Hayford or International Ellipsoid. WGS-84 is peculiar in that the same name is used for ...

  9. Geoid - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoid

    The geoid undulation (also known as geoid height or geoid anomaly), N, is the height of the geoid relative to a given ellipsoid of reference. N = h − H {\displaystyle N=h-H} The undulation is not standardized, as different countries use different mean sea levels as reference, but most commonly refers to the EGM96 geoid.

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