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A logical fallacy in which a conditional statement is incorrectly used to infer its converse. For example, from "If P then Q" and "Q", concluding "P". alethic modal logic A type of modal logic that deals with modalities of truth, such as necessity and possibility. ambiguity
Moreover, it is not we who are univocal in a Being which is not; it is we and our individuality which remains equivocal in and for a univocal Being." [ 5 ] Deleuze at once echoes and inverts Spinoza , [ 6 ] who maintained that everything that exists is a modification of the one substance , God or Nature .
In logic, a set of symbols is commonly used to express logical representation. The following table lists many common symbols, together with their name, how they should be read out loud, and the related field of mathematics.
As another example, a C function to implement the second example from the table, Σ, would have a function pointer argument (see box below). Lambda terms can be used to denote anonymous functions to be supplied as arguments to lim, Σ, ∫, etc. For example, the function square from the C program below can be written anonymously as a lambda ...
This is a list of mathematical logic topics. For traditional syllogistic logic, see the list of topics in logic . See also the list of computability and complexity topics for more theory of algorithms .
A unification problem is a finite set E={ l 1 ≐ r 1, ..., l n ≐ r n} of equations to solve, where l i, r i are in the set of terms or expressions.Depending on which expressions or terms are allowed to occur in an equation set or unification problem, and which expressions are considered equal, several frameworks of unification are distinguished.
In mathematics and logic, the term "uniqueness" refers to the property of being the one and only object satisfying a certain condition. [1] This sort of quantification is known as uniqueness quantification or unique existential quantification, and is often denoted with the symbols "∃!" [2] or "∃ =1". For example, the formal statement
The satisfiability problem for free theories is solved by syntactic unification; algorithms for the latter are used by interpreters for various computer languages, such as Prolog. Syntactic unification is also used in algorithms for the satisfiability problem for certain other equational theories, see Unification (computer science) .