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Staging breast cancer is the initial step to help physicians determine the most appropriate course of treatment. As of 2016, guidelines incorporated biologic factors, such as tumor grade, cellular proliferation rate, estrogen and progesterone receptor expression, human epidermal growth factor 2 (HER2) expression, and gene expression profiling into the staging system.
Breast cancer is the most prevalent type of cancer among women globally, with 685,000 deaths recorded worldwide in 2020. [1] The most commonly used treatment methods for breast cancer include surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. [2] Some of these treated patients experience disease relapse and metastasis.
In the context of breast cancer, neoadjuvant chemotherapy administered before surgery can improve survival in patients. If no active cancer cells are present in a tissue extracted from the tumor site after neoadjuvant therapy, physicians classify a case as "pathologic complete response" or "pCR."
Neoadjuvant chemotherapy is given before surgery to slow the growth of a fast-growing cancer or to shrink the size of a larger breast cancer. [ 1 ] It is frequently used to treat locally advanced cancers, cancers that at the time of diagnosis are too large to be removed by surgery, which can then be removed with less extensive surgery.
The most common secondary neoplasm is secondary acute myeloid leukemia, which develops primarily after treatment with alkylating agents or topoisomerase inhibitors. [109] Survivors of childhood cancer are more than 13 times as likely to get a secondary neoplasm during the 30 years after treatment than the general population. [110]
Scientists study the behaviour of isolated cells grown in the laboratory for insights into how cells function in the body in health and disease. Experiments using cell culture are used for developing new diagnostic tests and new treatments for diseases. This is a list of major breast cancer cell lines that are primarily used in breast cancer ...
Catherine, Princess of Wales, announced she has completed her chemotherapy treatment for cancer. ... Following abdominal surgery in 2024, surgeons removed some tissue from Catherine’s abdomen ...
Peripheral blood stem cell transplantation (PBSCT), also called "Peripheral stem cell support", [1] is a method of replacing blood-forming stem cells.Stem cells can be destroyed through cancer treatments such as chemotherapy or radiation, as well as any blood-related diseases, such as leukemia, lymphoma, neuroblastoma and multiple myeloma. [2]
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