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In cardiology, ventricular remodeling (or cardiac remodeling) [1] refers to changes in the size, shape, structure, and function of the heart.This can happen as a result of exercise (physiological remodeling) or after injury to the heart muscle (pathological remodeling). [2]
The membrane resistance is a function of the number of open ion channels, and the axial resistance is generally a function of the diameter of the axon. The greater the number of open channels, the lower the r m. The greater the diameter of the axon, the lower the r i.
Dynamic changes in glomerular capillary pressure exert both tensile and stretching forces on podocyte foot processes, and can lead to mechanical strain on their cytoskeleton. Concurrently, fluid flow shear stress is generated by the movement of glomerular ultrafiltrate, exerting a tangential force on the surface of these foot processes.
The heart is often described as the size of a fist: 12 cm (5 in) in length, 8 cm (3.5 in) wide, and 6 cm (2.5 in) in thickness, [8] although this description is disputed, as the heart is likely to be slightly larger. [18]
The heart tube continues stretching and by day 23, in a process called morphogenesis, cardiac looping begins. The cephalic portion curves in a frontal clockwise direction. The atrial portion starts moving in a cephalically and then moves to the left from its original position. This curved shape approaches the heart and finishes its growth on ...
The twisting begins during stage 6 on the rostral side of the head region [14] and commences until stage 14 towards the heart region. [10] Whereas the anterior head region rotates with the right side moving in an upward direction and the left side downward, the heart region moves in the opposite direction.
Non-LTP inducing stimuli cause alterations in spine morphology due to changes in actin polymerization. Presynaptically, axonal boutons undergo submicron displacements that indent the dendritic spines. [3] Postsynaptically, innervation causes dendritic spines to remodel by as much as 30% over a period of seconds. [4]
Specifically, an increase in Q wave size, abnormalities in the P wave, as well as giant inverted T waves, are indicative of significant concentric hypertrophy. [13] Specific changes in repolarization and depolarization events are indicative of different underlying causes of hypertrophy and can assist in the appropriate management of the condition.