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Pile is the raised surface or nap of a fabric, consisting of upright loops or strands of yarn. [1] Examples of pile textiles are carpets, corduroy, velvet, plush, and Turkish towels . [2] The word is derived from Latin pilus for "hair". [3]
Velvet, a pile weave made of filament fiber with the pile yarn in the lengthwise or warp direction. Frieze; Terrycloth, a pile fabric (usually cotton) with uncut loops on both sides. The pile in terrycloth is formed by a special weaving arrangement in which three picks or fillings are inserted and beaten up with one motion of the reed.
Since the 15th century, the term nap has generally referred to a special pile given to the cloth. [2] The term pile refers to raised fibres that are there on purpose, rather than as a by-product of producing the cloth. [4] In this case, the nap is woven into the cloth, often by weaving loops into the fabric, which can then be cut or left intact.
However, since the 1970s, "panne velvet" as used in ordinary fabric stores has referred to a pile knit, perhaps better called a velour, with a short pile that falls in many directions; usually of polyester. Pile-on-pile, also called double velvet a particularly luxurious type of velvet woven with piles of differing heights to create a pattern.
A knotted-pile carpet is a carpet containing raised surfaces, or piles, from the cut off ends of knots woven between the warp and weft. The Ghiordes/Turkish knot and the Senneh/Persian knot, typical of Anatolian carpets and Persian carpets, are the two primary knots. [1] A flat or tapestry woven carpet, without pile, is a kilim.
A tufting gun is a handheld machine where yarn is fed through a needle and subsequently punched in rapid succession through a backing fabric, either with or without scissors. Electric tufting guns can be cut-pile, loop-pile, or a combination of both and are able to produce multiple pile heights. [5]
A steel rod which is inserted in between the base fabric and the pile ends in a pile fabric woven on a wire loom or épinglé loom. The height and thickness of the rod determine the size of the loop. A pile wire can be a simple rod – in which case the pile yarns will form a 'loop' pile.
All fabrics pill to some extent, although fibers such as linen and silk pill less than most. [6] The primary drivers of pilling are the physical characteristics of the textile (including both the initial fiber, and the way in which it is processed during manufacturing), the personal habits of the textile's wearer, and the environment in which the textile is used.