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3. Between two groups, may mean that the first one is a proper subgroup of the second one. > (greater-than sign) 1. Strict inequality between two numbers; means and is read as "greater than". 2. Commonly used for denoting any strict order. 3. Between two groups, may mean that the second one is a proper subgroup of the first one. ≤ 1.
lnp1 – natural logarithm plus 1 function. ln1p – natural logarithm plus 1 function. log – logarithm. (If without a subscript, this may mean either log 10 or log e.) logh – natural logarithm, log e. [6] LST – language of set theory. lub – least upper bound. [1] (Also written sup.)
The following table lists many common symbols, together with their name, how they should be read out loud, and the related field of mathematics. Additionally, the subsequent columns contains an informal explanation, a short example, the Unicode location, the name for use in HTML documents, [1] and the LaTeX symbol.
A mathematical constant is a key number whose value is fixed by an unambiguous definition, often referred to by a symbol (e.g., an alphabet letter), or by mathematicians' names to facilitate using it across multiple mathematical problems. [1]
The word mathematics comes from the Ancient Greek word máthēma (μάθημα), meaning ' something learned, knowledge, mathematics ', and the derived expression mathēmatikḗ tékhnē (μαθηματικὴ τέχνη), meaning ' mathematical science '. It entered the English language during the Late Middle English period through French and ...
Mathematical notation is widely used in mathematics, science, and engineering for representing complex concepts and properties in a concise, unambiguous, and accurate way. For example, the physicist Albert Einstein's formula = is the quantitative representation in mathematical notation of mass–energy equivalence. [1]
Fermat's little theorem: If p is prime and does not divide a, then a p−1 ≡ 1 (mod p). Euler's theorem: If a and m are coprime, then a φ(m) ≡ 1 (mod m), where φ is Euler's totient function. A simple consequence of Fermat's little theorem is that if p is prime, then a −1 ≡ a p−2 (mod p) is the multiplicative inverse of 0 < a < p.
1.5. ⊦: p ∨ ( q ∨ r) .⊃. q ∨ ( p ∨ r). Pp associative principle 1.6. ⊦:. q ⊃ r.⊃: p ∨ q.⊃. p ∨ r. Pp principle of summation 1.7. If p is an elementary proposition, ~p is an elementary proposition. Pp 1.71. If p and q are elementary propositions, p ∨ q is an elementary proposition. Pp 1.72. If φp and ψp are elementary ...