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If the lymph nodes are also removed, additional side effects such as lymphedema (swelling of the lymph nodes) may occur. [15] Upper limb problems such as shoulder and arm pain, weakness, and restricted movement are a common side effect after breast cancer surgery. [16]
The technology has initially been trained to predict the likelihood of painful arm swelling, known as lymphoedema.
The researchers discovered that women who underwent a lumpectomy (where the tumor and surrounding tissue is removed but the breast is largely left intact) or a mastectomy (where one breast is ...
The combined effects of radiation and breast cancer surgery can in particular lead to complications such as breast fibrosis, secondary lymphoedema (which may occur in the arm, the breast or the chest, in particular after axillary lymph node dissection [5] [6]), breast asymmetry, and chronic/recurrent breast cellulitis, each of these having long ...
Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women. In the early twentieth century, it was primarily treated by surgery, which is when the mastectomy was developed. [1] However, with the advancement of technology and surgical skills in recent years, mastectomies have become less invasive. [2]
Staging breast cancer is the initial step to help physicians determine the most appropriate course of treatment. As of 2016, guidelines incorporated biologic factors, such as tumor grade, cellular proliferation rate, estrogen and progesterone receptor expression, human epidermal growth factor 2 (HER2) expression, and gene expression profiling into the staging system.
“There is a myth that a bigger breast surgery is a better breast operation. We hear people all the time that say that,” she says. “But there are bigger risks with a bigger operation.
Certain medications that block the effect of estrogen (i.e. tamoxifen, raloxifen, exemestane) can reduce the risk by about 50% but also have side effects. Prophylactic salpingo-oophorectomy reduces estrogen levels and the risk of both ovarian and breast cancer, however, the reduction in breast cancer risk is about 50% in high risk women [8] as ...