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In electrochemistry, the Nernst equation is a chemical thermodynamical relationship that permits the calculation of the reduction potential of a reaction (half-cell or full cell reaction) from the standard electrode potential, absolute temperature, the number of electrons involved in the redox reaction, and activities (often approximated by concentrations) of the chemical species undergoing ...
An unpaired electron can gain or lose angular momentum, which can change the value of its g-factor, causing it to differ from . This is especially significant for chemical systems with transition-metal ions. Systems with multiple unpaired electrons experience electron–electron interactions that give rise to "fine" structure.
The ions with the largest number of unpaired electrons are Gd 3+ and Cm 3+ with seven unpaired electrons. An unpaired electron has a magnetic dipole moment, while an electron pair has no dipole moment because the two electrons have opposite spins so their magnetic dipole fields are in opposite directions and cancel. Thus an atom with unpaired ...
The Nernst–Planck equation is a conservation of mass equation used to describe the motion of a charged chemical species in a fluid medium. It extends Fick's law of diffusion for the case where the diffusing particles are also moved with respect to the fluid by electrostatic forces.
Each Cu 2+ ion has a d 9 electronic configuration, and so should have one unpaired electron. If there were a covalent bond between the copper ions, the electrons would pair up and the compound would be diamagnetic. Instead, there is an exchange interaction in which the spins of the unpaired electrons become partially aligned to each other.
where is the breakdown voltage in volts, is the pressure in pascals, is the gap distance in meters, is the secondary-electron-emission coefficient (the number of secondary electrons produced per incident positive ion), is the saturation ionization in the gas at a particular / (electric field/pressure), and is related to the excitation and ...
If the concentration of a sulfuric acid solution is c(H 2 SO 4) = 1 mol/L, then its normality is 2 N. It can also be called a "2 normal" solution. It can also be called a "2 normal" solution. Similarly, for a solution with c (H 3 PO 4 ) = 1 mol/L, the normality is 3 N because phosphoric acid contains 3 acidic H atoms.
The origin, for purposes of this explanation, can be thought of as the position of a molecule's localized unpaired electron. To determine the direction to the spin active nucleus from the localized unpaired electron (remember: unpaired electrons are, themselves, spin active) one employs the principle of magnetic angle selection.