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A caliph is the supreme religious and political leader of an Islamic state known as the caliphate. [1] [2] Caliphs (also known as 'Khalifas') led the Muslim Ummah as political successors to the Islamic prophet Muhammad, [3] and widely-recognised caliphates have existed in various forms for most of Islamic history.
He was nominated heir by his half-brother Al-Muktafi, however, Al-Muktafi died young and Al-Muqtadir came to the throne at the age of 13, the youngest Caliph in Abbasid history and Islamic History. Unsuccessful usurpation attempt in favour of Abdallah ibn al-Mu'tazz (908).
As-Saffah was the first caliph of the Abbasid caliphate, one of the longest and most important caliphates (Islamic dynasties) in Islamic history. Al-Mansur was the second Abbasid caliph reigning from 136 AH to 158 AH (754–775) and succeeding his brother al-Saffah. Al-Mansur is generally regarded as the greatest caliph of the Abbasid dynasty.
This article includes a list of successive Islamic states and Muslim dynasties beginning with the time of the Islamic prophet Muhammad (570–632 CE) and the early Muslim conquests that spread Islam outside of the Arabian Peninsula, and continuing through to the present day.
The Fatimid period is important in the history of Islamic art and architecture as it is one of the earliest Islamic dynasties for which enough materials survive for a detailed study of their evolution. [223] The stylistic diversity of Fatimid art was also a reflection of the wider cultural environment of the Mediterranean world at this time. [223]
The caliphs are also known in Muslim history as the "orthodox" or "patriarchal" caliphs. [4] Following Muhammad's death in June 632, Muslim leaders debated who should succeed him. Unlike later caliphs, each of the four Rashidun were chosen by some form of a small group of high-ranking companions of the Prophet in shūrā (lit.
Abbasid Caliphate at its greatest extent, around 850. In 750, the Abbasids seized power from the Umayyad rulers of the Arab-Islamic empire. [3] The Abbasid caliphs based themselves in what is now Iraq and ruled over Iran, Mesopotamia, Arabia and the lands of the eastern and southern Mediterranean.
This is an accepted version of this page This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 16 January 2025. Expansion of the Islamic state (622–750) For later military territorial expansion of Islamic states, see Spread of Islam. Early Muslim conquests Expansion under Muhammad, 622–632 Expansion under the Rashidun Caliphate, 632–661 Expansion under the Umayyad Caliphate, 661–750 Date ...