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A caliph is the supreme religious and political leader of an Islamic state known as the caliphate. [1] [2] Caliphs (also known as 'Khalifas') led the Muslim Ummah as political successors to the Islamic prophet Muhammad, [3] and widely-recognised caliphates have existed in various forms for most of Islamic history.
He was nominated heir by his half-brother Al-Muktafi, however, Al-Muktafi died young and Al-Muqtadir came to the throne at the age of 13, the youngest Caliph in Abbasid history and Islamic History. Unsuccessful usurpation attempt in favour of Abdallah ibn al-Mu'tazz (908).
As-Saffah was the first caliph of the Abbasid caliphate, one of the longest and most important caliphates (Islamic dynasties) in Islamic history. Al-Mansur was the second Abbasid caliph reigning from 136 AH to 158 AH (754–775) and succeeding his brother al-Saffah. Al-Mansur is generally regarded as the greatest caliph of the Abbasid dynasty.
This article includes a list of successive Islamic states and Muslim dynasties beginning with the time of the Islamic prophet Muhammad (570–632 CE) and the early Muslim conquests that spread Islam outside of the Arabian Peninsula, and continuing through to the present day.
The nominal religious leading figure of Sunni Islam at the time of the French conquest and World War I was the sultan (and caliph) of the Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman Caliphate 's religious influence among Muslims abroad had increased during the reign of Abdul Hamid II (r. 1876–1909), who pursued a Pan-Islamist foreign policy. [ 7 ]
The Fatimid period is important in the history of Islamic art and architecture as it is one of the earliest Islamic dynasties for which enough materials survive for a detailed study of their evolution. [223] The stylistic diversity of Fatimid art was also a reflection of the wider cultural environment of the Mediterranean world at this time. [223]
The art form went through several stages of evolution while witnessing the fall and rise of several Islamic caliphates. Arab miniaturists absorbed Chinese and Persian influences brought by the Mongol destructions , and at last, got totally assimilated and subsequently disappeared due to the Ottoman occupation of the Arab world.
The area of Basra was very sparsely populated when it was conquered by the Muslims. During the reign of Umar, the Muslim army found it a suitable place to construct a base. Later the area was settled and a mosque was erected. [61] [62] [63] Upon the conquest of Madyan, it was settled by Muslims. However, soon the environment was considered ...